• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.785-797
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• 1998

This study has been done to prove that keratinized gingiva is required for the periodontal health and to analyse the adequate width that is necessary. Until now, the study on frenum has been documented on changing its location. But the location or the formation of the frenum has not been reported. This experiment has used 173 patients from the department of periodontology of Dankook University to investigate the width of keratinized gingiva, the formation of the frenum and its location for the frequency. This study also looks into the relationship between the gingival recession and the structure of the frenum, and affects they have on periodontal health. The width of the keratinized gingiva in the mandible has been found to be highest in the lateral incisor than in the central incisor. The width decreased from the canine to the first premolar until it reached the molar. The interproximal area of the mandibular frenum was 77.9%, which was greater than the frequency (22.1%) from the midline of the teeth. The highest frequency of frenum was at 30.6% in between the both central incisor then second greatest at 20.6% in between the right canine and the right first premolar. Frenum was not found in between the second premolar and the distal area. In the morphology of the frenum, it was found that 43.4% out of 551 parts were found to be a single narrow frenum, and the double or triple ligamented form of the complex frenum were found in similar frequency of 237 parts, but the broad frenum was rarely frequent. The incisal area was popular mostly with the single narrow frenum, the left premolar area frequented 57.4%, and the right premolar frequented 64.7%. Because the distance between the frenum apex and the gingival margin measured to be about 5mm or greater, the frenum apex started in the mucogingival junction and not just below the keratinized gingiva. In the 551 area investigated, 48.3% of gingiva showed recession, incisal area had recession the least at 44.9%, right buccal side at 47.4%, and right buccal side frequented the highest at 52.1%. The teeth that showed recession recessed at the average of 2.151.0.mm and the left canine showed the greatest amount of gingival recession. In the investigation to find out if the keratinized gingiva and the gingiva recession had mutually related somehow, the width of keratinized gingiva showed no affect on the probing depth, but had affected in the gingiva recession. This investigation showed that the gingival recession and the morphology of the frenum related in that, the single narrow frenum had recessed the least and the broad frenum recessed the most. With this analysis, a conclusion was drawn that the morphology of the frenum had affected in the gingical recession.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.69-76
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• 1999

The mandibular buccal frenum is defined as a fold of mucous membrane at the posterior labial vestibule and attaches the lips and the cheeks to the alveolar mucosa, gingiva, and underlying periosteum. The buccal frenum becomes a problem when its attachment is too close to the marginal gingiva. It may then pull on healthy gingiva, encourage plaque formation and interfere with tooth brushing. Especially, heavy buccal frenum mucogingivally results in insufficent attached gingiva, inadequate vestibular depth and high frenum attachment and also difficulty in eruption of mandibular premolar. Frenotomy, frenectomy and mucogingival surgery are used in treating heavy buccal frenum. Frenotomy with autogenous free gingival graft has been used popularly because of its stable result. But, it is difficult in younger children because of inadequate donor site, difficulty in making recipient site and behavior management. Frenotomy with apically positioned flap is considered as more efficient way for a very young child with heavy buccal frenum. Additionally, modified deep sedation with $N_2O-O_2$ can be used as an adjunct for the effective treatment outcome. Decrease in muscle pull, adequate width of attached gingiva and increased vestibular depth can be expected from this treatment approach.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.533-539
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• 1994

The mandibular buccal frenum is a fold of mucous membrane at the posterior labial vestibule, that attaches the lips and the cheeks to the alveolar mucosa, gingiva, and underlying periosteum. The buccal frenum becomes a problem if its attachment is too close to the marginal gingiva. It may then pull on healthy gingiva, encourge plaque formation and interfere with tooth brushing. Heavy buccal frenum mucogingivally results in insufficient attached gingiva, inadequate vestibular depth and high frenum attachment and also difficulty in eruption of mandibular second premolar. Frenectomy in various forms has been used for many years to remove the influence of the frenum. Unfortunately, the results are not always ideal and there is often postoperative relapse because of muscle pull. In this treatment, frenotomy was used in conjuction with autogenous free gingival graft with the object of removing the influence of the buccal frenum and creating an adequate and stable width of attached gingiva. We observed decrease in muscle pull, adequate width of attached gingiva and increased vestibular depth in addition to progressive eruption of second premolar. Periodic follow-up is needed for evaluation of relapse, grafting gingiva and also space regaining for second premolar.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.7-17
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• 1978

The purpose of this study was to investigate the interrelationship of the maxillary interincisal diastema, spacing and crowing to the type of superior labial frenum and the type of intermaxillary suture by analyzing histories, intraoral radiographs, orthopantomographs, intraoral slide films, and dental casts. The data for this study were compiled from 500 outpatients of the Department of Orthodontics, Infirmary of Dental College, Seoul National University. The following conculusions were obtained: 1. The occurrence of maxillary interincisal diastema in the permanent dentition decreased rapidly compared with that in the mixed dentition. And there was no sex difference in the occurrence of diastema in the both dentitions. 2. Frenum attachment remained relatively constant between the two dentitions but assumed a higher level in the permanent dentition than in the mixed dentition. 3. Except suture type D which was not yet fused completely, there was no significant difference in the distribution of suture type between the mixed dentition and the permanent dentition. 4. Frenum and suture type were highly related; frenum types 5 and 6 were associated with suture types III and V. 5. In the permanent dentition, frenum type 5 and 6 and suture types III and IV occurred more frequently in the spacing group than in the normal or crowding group. 6. The relationship between the diastema and frenum types 5 and 6 and sture types III and IV showed a strong correlation.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.526-534
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• 2001

Purpose : The objective of this study is to ascertain whether the positive exists among the frenum length, the tongue movement and the speech and to present the normal range of tongue movement and guidelines for the choice of surgery, observation if necessary. Materials and Methods : 180 patients were evaluated. We divided 180 patients into 6 group by age. Each group was separated as follows; the age of 2.5-4, 5-6, 7-9, 10-12, 16-18. We measured the frenal length, the range of tongue motion and evaluated the speech so that we really questioned about the positive relationship between the tongue-tie and speech. We let the patient exercise the protrusive both(right, left) laterotrusive superior movement of the tongue. During these movements, we measured the distance between the vermilion border and the tongue tip. We also measured the distance from the tongue tip to the point contacting the upper lip with dorsum of the tongue during the maximal protrusive movement of the tongue. Three linear measurement of the anterior, inferior segment of the tongue including the lingual frenum, are made. These measurements are as follows: 1. Distance A. Free anterior portion of the tongue from the point of frenular insertion to the tongue tip. 2. Distance B. The distance from the initiating point of the lingual frenum to the point connecting the two sublingual carundcles to the lingual frenum perpendicularly. 3. Distance C. The distance from the point contacting the line crossing the sublingual caruncles with the lingual frenum to the terminating point of the lingual frenum. We transform three linear measures into a statistical ratio, A/(A-B+C), representing the length of the free portion of the tongue compared with the total sublingual dimensions. In addition, we assessed the speech through Picture Consonant Articulation Test(PCAT) and tried to find out the relationship between the length of the lingual frenum and speech. Conclusion : As people are born, they have small and restricted tongue. As people grow old, tongue motions are more liberate, and unrestricted and they can speak so freely. Therefore we suggest that until age 5, oral and maxillofacial surgeons postpone the surgery if not urgent, evaluate the maximal lingual motions and PCAT according to this article and observe their changes.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.243-258
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• 2001

Gingival recession is exposure of the root surface with apical shift in the position of gingiva. The incidence of gingival recession is 8% in children and 100% after the age of 50. Recession tends to be found in patients with healthy gingiva, but more frequentely found in patients with periodontal disease, and it often causes mucogingival defects. Buccal surface of premolar is the area not only for severe gingival recession and cervical abrasion, but also the area of numbers of buccal frenum and less keratinized gingiva. Threrfore, the goal of this study was to observe the patients with periodontitis and examine whether there are clinical relations between gingival recession and cervical abrasion of premolar and other factors related with the condition of periodontal health. Generally healthy 218 patients who had periodontitis, aged between 18 and 78, were examined for depth of periodontal poket, width of attached gingival, gingival recession, cervical abrasion, and frenum of mid-buccal surface of premolar at the Department of Periodontics in Dankook University Dental Hospital and following is the result. 1. The average gingival recession and cervical abrasion of premolar with periodontal disease was 0.76mm and 0.29mm and each has 43% and 14% of incidence. Also the width of attached gingiva of mid-buccal surface was 1.77mm. the average periodontal pocket depth is 2.0mm and 47% of frequently seen was narrow single shaped frenum, and the interdistance of the frenum was mostly over 4mm. 2. With statistical significance(P<0.05), the incidence of gingival recession increased with age and was related much more with female than male, the first premolar than the second premolar, and with narrow attached gingiva and frenum. 3. With statistical significance(p<0.05), the incidence of cervical abrasion increased with age and was related with the area of the first premolar and narrow attached gingiva, but the sexual and frenum differences were not statistically significant (p>0.05). 4. The severity of gingival recession increased with age and was more related with female than male, the first premolar than the second premolar. And the area of narrow attached gingiva and frenum showed more gingival recession and the distance of frenum was more highly related than shape, and they were statistically significant (p<0.05). 5. With statistical significance(p<0.05), the severity of cervical abrasion increase with age and was observed at the first premolar and narrow attached gingiva. But the sexual and frenum differences were not statistically significant (p>0.05).

• 대한장애인치과학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.103-106
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• 2013

본 증례에서는 하악 거대 협소대가 하악 양측 유측절치에 높게 위치하여 치은 퇴축과 유치 조기 상실 및 입술의 운동 제한을 야기한 경우로, 근단변위부분층 판막술을 동반한 협소대절제술을 시행하였다. 부착치은의 양은 인접치와 유사하게 회복되었고, 제거된 소대는 정상위치에 부착되어 있었고, 해당 부위의 영구치는 정상적으로 맹출하였다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.266-271
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• 2014

본 연구는 어린이의 상순소대 부착위치에 따른 빈도와 치령과의 관련성을 평가하기 위한 목적으로 수행되었다. 2~12세의 어린이 320명을 대상으로 상순소대 부착위치를 조사하고, 이 결과와 Hellman의 교합 발육 단계 및 상악 영구 전치의 맹출 단계 간의 관계를 분석하였다. 그 결과 상순소대는 gingival type 56.3%, papillary type 20.6%, mucosal type 18.1% 그리고 papillary penetrating type 5.0%를 보였으며, 성별에 따른 유의한 차이는 없었다(p > 0.05). Hellman의 교합발육단계가 진행하면서 mucosal type이 유의하게 증가하였다(p < 0.001). 그리고 상악 전치가 맹출함에 따라 gingival type과 mucosal type은 증가하고 papillary type과 papillary penetrating type은 감소하는 경향을 보였으나 통계학적으로 유의하지 않았다(p > 0.05).

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.229-238
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• 2023

이 연구의 목적은 2011년부터 2020년까지 대한민국 소아 청소년 환자들의 혀유착증 진단과 그 수술적 치료의 동향을 조사하는 것이다. 건강보험심사평가원의 보건의료 빅데이터 개방시스템에서 제공하는 자료를 이용하여 혀유착증의 진단과 설소대 수술 시행의 연간 경향을 분석하였다. 설소대 수술 시행과 관련된 세부 요인을 조사하기 위해, 소아청소년 환자표본자료를 이용하였다. 혀유착증 진단의 경우 2011년 10만 명당 204.4명에서 2020년 356.6명으로 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 설소대 수술은 26.8명에서 34.3명까지 증가하였다. 설소대 수술에 대한 로지스틱 회귀분석 결과, 남자가 여자보다 수술을 진행할 확률이 높았고, 0 - 4세의 연령군에서 가장 높은 진료 확률을 보였으며 병원급 요양기관에서 수술이 시행될 확률이 가장 높았다. 0 - 4세 연령군에서는 소아청소년과에서, 5 - 9세의 연령군에서는 소아치과에서 가장 많이 수술이 진행되었다. 그 이상의 연령에서는 보존과와 구강악안면외과에서 가장 높은 비율로 수술을 시행하였다. 혀의 기능은 악안면의 성장에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 만큼, 소아치과의사는 성장하는 어린이의 구강 연조직의 기능적 관리있어서도 면밀한 주의 및 관심을 기울여야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.215-215
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• 1992