• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.45-52
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• 2008

For the domestic digital contents, it is particularly important that the planning and mediating functions should cover the whole Industries so that dividends and assistance to reach all the way back to the primary contents-creating level, where economic risks are especially high. A proactive cooperation system or framework between the government, the businesses and research institutions, which would allow for free flow of interaction among these players, can play that role. We can broadly define cooperation frameworks into two; one between the central and the local governments and another among private-sector groups, such as companies, associations and groups. These players in the framework have differing, sometimes, conflicting views regarding the digital contents industry whether the digital contents should aim for skilled applicability or the abstract or whether the emphasis should rest on public interest or profitability. Immature competition and lack of trust among these players also give rise to such inefficiencies as overlap in investments, inexpertness and inefficient use of resources. We have proposed and realized the National Integrated Cooperation System to bridge these gaps among the major players in the industry. The National Integrated Cooperation System rests on the following major functions. The first major function of the NICS is to decipher any ambiguity that may be embedded in external Inputs by stratified role and bias. The second function is to create cooperative groups that will deal with the ambiguities based on its consequent situation. The third is a feedback function that will draw out a new cooperative way by re-feeding the capacities and the conflicts that stem from the existing organizations and strategies into cooperation and adjustment process. Our NICS has compared and evaluated with England and Australia digital content industry models under AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) method. NICS has turned out to be well designed and have strong points based on OECD innovation and cooperation criteria.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.215-220
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• 2013

Purpose: Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor in periodontal diseases. The pathogenesis of periodontal diseases may be affected by alterations of the inflammatory response by smoke. Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous, colorless, highly reactive, short-lived free radical with a pivotal role in the regulation of various physiological and pathological mechanisms in the body. It is important in host defense and homeostasis, on the one hand, whereas, on the other hand, it modulates the inflammatory response in periodontitis, leading to harmful effects. The aim of this study was to assess the levels of NO in both the serum and saliva of smokers and nonsmokers having chronic periodontitis and to compare them with periodontally healthy controls. Methods: Sixty subjects participated in the study and were divided into three groups: group I, healthy nonsmoking subjects; group II, nonsmoking patients with chronic periodontitis; group III, smoking patients with chronic periodontitis. Each group consisted of twenty subjects. The biochemical estimation of NO in the collected serum and in the saliva was performed using the Griess colorimetric reaction. Results: The results showed that the mean value of the salivary and serum NO was greater in group II than in group I, and also greater in group III than in group II. Conclusions: NO appears to play an important and rather complex role in the immuno-inflammatory process and in the remodeling and maintenance of osseous structures. It is therefore logical that modulation of this mediator has potential for the treatment of a number of inflammatory conditions including periodontal disease.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.550-564
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• 2011

Objectives : Oxidative stress seems to play a major role in mechanisms by which ethanol causes liver injury. Previous studies have shown that treatment with Yinjinchunggan-tang (Yinchenqinggan-tang, YJCGT) has protective effects on alcoholic liver disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of YJCGT on alcohol-induced oxidative stress. Materials and Methods : In vitro, we evaluated the inhibitory activities of YJCHT on DPPH(1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl), xanthine oxidase, trypsin, and hyaluronidase. In a cell culture model, we measured cell viability and proliferation, and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) after YJCGT treatment in C34 and E47 cell lines, and HepG2 cells transfected with/ without cytochrome P450IIE1 (CYP2E1) gene. In vivo, we estimated serum level of hepatic biochemical markers, and alcohol concentration in the blood. Results : YJCGT showed significant free radical scavenging activity against DPPH and xanthine oxidase and decreased hyaluronidase activity effectively in vitro. YJCGT also increased cell viability, and proliferation in C34 and in E47 cell lines, and increased activities of superoxide dismutase, and catalase in C34 and in E47 cell lines. YJCGT reduced serum AST, LDH, and total cholesterol level in some of the results, and reduced blood alcohol concentration in vivo, as well. Conclusions : This study suggests that YJCGT has protective effects on oxidative stress by inhibiting alcohol-induced suppression of antioxidant enzyme activities.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.36-40
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• 2007

Proteins and lipids not only provide a source of energy to the cell, but also play vital roles in modifying the physical properties and function of the biological membranes. In the present study, we investigated the biochemical constituents, viz. proteins and lipids, in growing oocytes of goat antral follicles during summer and winter seasons. Goat genitalia in phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.4) were brought to the laboratory within one hour of slaughter under aseptic conditions at $37^{\circ}C$. Oocytes were aspirated from normal small (<3 mm in diameter) and large (>3 mm) follicles and pooled for biochemical estimations. A significant increase in the amount of protein and lipid was observed with the growth of the oocyte. The amount of protein varied non-significantly with the season, while the amount of lipid varied significantly. The amounts of phospholipid, cholesterol, free fatty acid, and triglyceride increased with the growth of the oocyte, but no significant effect of season in these constituents was observed. Lysolecithin, sphingomyelin, and sterols were the polar lipids identified in both oocytes prepared from small follicles (small oocytes) as well as large follicles (large oocytes). In addition, the small oocytes also contained phosphatidyl serine, while large oocytes contained phosphatidyl glycerol phosphate and phosphatidyl inositol. Among non-polar lipids, triglycerides and long chain alcohols appear only in small oocytes and not in large oocytes. Monoglycerides, 1,2-diglycerides, 1,3-diglycerides and o-dialkyl glycerol ethers, fatty acids, fatty acid methyl esters, and wax esters were identified in both small and large oocytes. Information on biochemical composition of growing oocytes is relevant to oocyte and embryo competence, culture and cryopreservation.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.1149-1156
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• 2008

The conformational study on neutral and zwitterionic L-alanines (N-Ala and Z-Ala, respectively) and the transition state (TS) for their interconversion is carried out using ab initio HF and density functional B3LYP methods with the self-consistent reaction field method in the gas phase and in solution. At both the HF and B3LYP levels of theory, the local minimum N1 for N-Ala is found to be most preferred in the gas phase and a weak asymmetric bifurcated hydrogen bond between the amino hydrogens and the carbonyl oxygen appears to play a role in stabilizing this conformation. The local minima N2a and N2b are found to be the second preferred conformations, which seem to be stabilized by a hydrogen bond between the amino nitrogen and the carboxylic hydrogen. The relative stability of the local minimum N2b is remarkably increased in solution than that in the gas phase. The local minimum N2b becomes more stable than the local minimum N2a in most of the solution. On the whole the relative free energies of Z-Ala and TS become more lowered, as the solvent polarity increases. N-Ala prevails over Z-Ala in aprotic solutions but Z-Ala is dominantly populated in ethanol and water. In aprotic solutions, the population of Z-Ala increases somewhat with the increase of solvent polarity. The barrier to Z-Ala-to-N-Ala interconversion increases on the whole with the increase of solvent polarity, which is caused by the increase of stability for Z-Ala.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.431-438
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• 2015

Smartphone is popularized, it is a lot of development of the mobile advertising industry, is born many types of mobile advertising. Many developers in the mobile game is the advertised profitable by using the SDK of service companies that service the advertising the launch of free games. Mobile IGA banner, front advertising, we use the ad in the three forms of the front video advertising, each of advertising, have advantages and disadvantages. Although many of the games currently use a full-page ad and front video ads, these ads profitable model is use the user game play time. In order to improve the disadvantage of this method, Commonly used to analyze the three ad revenue model, looking for the element, by using the research result of the previous studies, we have proposed a new advertising Convergence profitable models.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.3613-3618
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• 2013

Object: To detect expression of hypoxia inducible factor-$1{\alpha}$ (HIF-$1{\alpha}$) and lysyl oxidase (LOX) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and explore their roles in prognosis. Methods: The mRNA levels of HIF-$1{\alpha}$ and LOX were investigated by real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in 40 cases of tumour and paired normal tissues. In addition, protein expression of HIF-$1{\alpha}$ and LOX was examined by immunohistochemistry in 82 cases of tumour and 45 paired normal tissues. The relationship between HIF-$1{\alpha}$ or LOX and clinicopathologic characteristics, as well as the correlation between HIF-$1{\alpha}$ and LOX, were also examined. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and the log-rank test were used to analyze progression-free survival. Results: HIF-$1{\alpha}$ or LOX mRNA levels in tumor tissues was significantly higher than those in paired normal tissues (p<0.01). Positive HIF-$1{\alpha}$ or LOX protein expression in tumor tissues was noted in 46/82 (56.1%) and 49/82 (59.8%) of the cases, respectively, being significantly higher than those in paired normal tissues (p<0.05). There was significant correlation between the expression of HIF-$1{\alpha}$ or LOX and tumor size, lymph node metastasis and pathological stage (p<0.05). The expression of HIF-$1{\alpha}$ and LOX had a significant inverse impact on survival of patients with NSCLC. Conclusion: HIF-$1{\alpha}$ and LOX may play a pivotal role in the development of NSCLC, and may act in synergy to promote the progression of NSCLC.

• Carbon letters
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• v.22
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• pp.1-13
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• 2017

Porous materials play a vital role in science and technology. The ability to control their pore structures at the atomic, molecular, and nanometer scales enable interactions with atoms, ions and molecules to occur throughout the bulk of the material, for practical applications. Three-dimensional (3D) porous carbon-based materials (e.g., graphene aerogels/hydrogels, sponges and foams) made of graphene or graphene oxide-based networks have attracted considerable attention because they offer low density, high porosity, large surface area, excellent electrical conductivity and stable mechanical properties. Water pollution and associated environmental issues have become a hot topic in recent years. Rapid industrialization has led to a massive increase in the amount of wastewater that industries discharge into the environment. Water pollution is caused by oil spills, heavy metals, dyes, and organic compounds released by industry, as well as via unpredictable accidents. In addition, water pollution is also caused by radionuclides released by nuclear disasters or leakage. This review presents an overview of the state-of-the-art synthesis methodologies of 3D porous graphene materials and highlights their synthesis for environmental applications. The various synthetic methods used to prepare these 3D materials are discussed, particularly template-free self-assembly methods, and template-directed methods. Some key results are summarized, where 3D graphene materials have been used for the adsorption of dyes, heavy metals, and radioactive materials from polluted environments.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.203-207
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• 2017

A homogeneous $KNbO_3$ (KN) phase was formed by sintering at $1,040^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour, without formation of the $K_2O$-deficient secondary phase even though suffering the minor loss of $K_2O$. KN liquid phase was formed during sintering and abnormal grain growth occurred in this specimen. The detailed microstructural observations on KN during sintering were carried out using high resolution transmission electron microscopy. The ledged structures were found at the KN grain boundary and the abnormal grain growth was performed by the lateral migration of these ledges in the presence of the liquid phase. The liquid pockets were found in the KN grains. They have various external shapes mainly due to the kinetic factors. They have atomically flat interfaces with some ledges with one atomic height. The slight deficient $K_2O$ by evaporation might somewhat reduce the melting point of KN from the reported at $1,058^{\circ}C$. The liquid pockets play an important role in supplying the liquid phase during the abnormal grain growth in the sintering process of KN ceramics.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2016.02a
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• pp.139.2-139.2
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• 2016

Electrons and phonons in chalcogenide-based materials play are important factors in the performance of an optical data storage media and thermoelectric devices. However, the fundamental kinetics of carriers in chalcogenide materials remains controversial, and active debate continues over the mechanism responsible for carrier relaxation. In this study, we investigated ultrafast carrier dynamics in an multilayered $\{Sb(3{\AA})/Te(9{\AA})\}n$ thin film during the transition from the amorphous to the crystalline phase using optical pump terahertz probe spectroscopy (OPTP), which permits the relationship between structural phase transition and optical property transitions to be examined. Using THz-TDS, we demonstrated that optical conductance and carrier concentration change as a function of annealing temperature with a contact-free optical technique. Moreover, we observed that the topological surface state (TSS) affects the degree of enhancement of carrier lifetime, which is closely related to the degree of spin-orbit coupling (SOC). The combination of an optical technique and a proposed carrier relaxation mechanism provides a powerful tool for monitoring TSS and SOC. Consequently, the response of the amorphous phase is dominated by an electron-phonon coupling effect, while that of the crystalline structure is controlled by a Dirac surface state and SOC effects. These results are important for understanding the fundamental physics of phase change materials and for optimizing and designing materials with better performance in optoelectronic devices.