• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.374-380
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• 1994

A method to simulate the extent of interlinkage of grain boundary gas bubbles to the free surfaces of fuel pellet was developed. With the shape of UO$_2$gain treated as tetrakaidecahedron (TKD)), the interlinked fraction of fission gas bubbles to free surfaces at grain comers was calculated as a function of the radius of grain corner bubbles by the Monte Carlo technique. In spite of two dimensional analysis, the present method shooed reasonable agreement between predicted and measured fuel swelling at the moment that complete bubble interlinkage was achieved. However, for more realistic simulation of interlinkage, grain comer bubbles should be treated three dimensionally.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.509-517
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• 1997

Results of flat plate compressible boundary layer calculation, based on discrete formulation of DSMC method, are presented in low Mach number and low Knudsen number range. The free stream is a uniform flow of pure nitrogen at various Mach numbers in low pressures (i.e. rarefied gas). Complete thermal accommodation and diffuse molecular reflections are used as the wall boundary condition, replacing unreal no-slip condition used in continuum calculations. In the discrete formulation of DSMC method, there is no need to use ad hoc assumptions on transport properties like viscosity and thermal conductivity, instead viscosity is calculated from values of other field variables (velocity and shear stress). Also the results are compared with existing self-similar continuum solutions. In all Mach number cases computed, velocity slip is most pronounced in regions near the leading edge where continuum formulation renders the solution singular. As the boundary layer develops further downstream, velocity slips asymptote to values that are between 10 to 20% of the magnitude of free stream velocity. When the free stream number density is reduced, so the gas more rarefied, the velocity slip increases as expected.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.141-147
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• 2015

Gas foil thrust bearings (GFTBs) have attractive advantages over rolling element bearings and oil film thrust bearings, such as oil-free operation, high speed stability, and high-temperature operation. However, GFTBs have lower load carrying capacity than the other two types of bearings owing to the inherent low gas viscosity. The load carrying capacity of GFTBs depends mainly on the compliance of the foil structure and the formed hydrodynamic wedge, where the gas pressure field is generated between the top foil and the thrust runner. The load carrying capacity of the GFTBs is very important for the suitable design of oil-free turbomachinery with high performance. The aim of the present study is to identify the characteristics of the load carrying performance of GFTBs. A new test rig for the experimental measurements is designed to provide static loads up to 800 N using a pneumatic cylinder. The maximum operating speed of the driving motor is 30,000 rpm. A series of experimental tests—lift-off test, static load performance test, and maximum load capacity test—estimate the performance of a six-pad GFTB, in terms of the static load, driving torque, and temperature. The maximum load capacity is determined by increasing the static load until the driving torque rises suddenly with a sharp peak. The test results show that the torque and temperature increase linearly with the static load. The estimated maximum load capacity per unit area is approximately 80.5 kPa at a rotor speed of 25,000 rpm. The test results can be used as a design guideline for GFTBs for realizing oil-free turbomachinery.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.665-670
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• 2016

This study deals with the possible degradation of toluene and acetic acid when subjected to cell-free enzyme system from the toluene degrading bacteria Pseudomonas putida and acetic acid degrading bacteria Cupriavidus necator. P. putida produces toluene dioxygenase only under the existence of toluene in culture medium and toluene is degraded to cis-toluene dihydrodiol by this enzyme. C. necator produces acetyl coenzyme A synthetase-1 and converts acetic acid to acetyl CoA in order to synthesize ATP to need for growth or PHA which is biodegradable polymer. In case of toluene degradation, the experiment was conducted before and after production of toluene dioxygenase as this enzyme, produced by P. putida, is an inducible enzyme. Toluene was detected using gas chromatography (GC). Similar amount of toluene was found in control group and before production of toluene dioxygenase (experimental group 1). However, reduction in toluene was detected after the production of toluene dioxygenase (experimental group 2). Acetic acid was detected through application of gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The results showed the acetic acid peak was not detected in the experimental group to apply cell-free enzyme system. These results show that the cell-free enzyme system obtained from P. putida and C. necator retained the ability to degrade toluene and acetic acid. However, P. putida needs to produce the inducible enzyme before preparation of the cell-free enzyme system.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.162-170
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• 2015

In this study, gas permeability of polyimide materials having a various amine group was measured and molecular dynamics was used to analyze the dynamic characteristics of the gas molecules in the polyimide by calculating the position and velocity of the gas molecules with change of the time. The gas permeability of polyimide membrane having substitution site which increase free volume in the polymer was increased. However, polyimide with rigid structure showed decreased gas permeability. As a result of analyzing the change in the gas permeation behavior using molecular dynamics simulations, we confirmed that the results show the same tendency with actual measurements of the gas permeability.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.367-377
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• 2001

Plasma is generated by electrical discharge. Most plasma generation has been carried out at low-pressure gas typically less than one millionth of atmospheric pressure. Plasmas are in general generated from impact ionization of neutral gas molecules by accelerated electrons. The energy gain of electrons accelerated in an electrical field is proportional to the mean free path. Electrons gain more energy at low-pressure gas and generate plasma easily by ionization of neutrals, because the mean free path is longer. For this reason conventional plasma generation is carried out at low pressures. However, many practical applications require plasmas at high-pressure. In order to avoid the requirement for vacuum pumps, researchers in Korea start to develop plasmas in high-pressure chambers where the pressure is 1 atmosphere or greater. Material processing, environmental protection/restoration and improved energy production efficiency using plasmas are only possible for inexpensive bulk plasmas. We thus generate plasmas by new methods and plan to set foundations for new plasma technologies for $21^{st}$ / century industries. This technological research will play a central role in material processing, environmental and energy production industries.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.146-154
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• 1994

A series of numerical calculations are performed in order to investigate the dispersion mechanism of toxic gaseous and solid pollutants in extremely short-term and short range. The calculations are carried out in an open space characterized by turbulent boundary layer. The simulation is made by the use of numerical model, in which a control-volume based finite difference method is used together with the SIMPLEC algorithm for the resolution of the pressure-velocity coupling problem. The Reynolds stresses are solved by two-equation, k-$\varepsilon$ model modified for buoyancy. The major parameters consider-ed in this study are temperature, velocity and Injection height of toxic gases, environmental conditions such as temperature and velocity of free stream air, and topographic factor. The results are presented and discussed in detail. The flow field is commonly characterized by the formation of a strong recirculation zone due to the upward motion of the hot toxic gas and ground shear stress. The driving force of the upward motion is explained by the effect of thermal buoyancy of hot gas and the difference of inlet velocity between toxic gas and free stream.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.05a
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• pp.448-450
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• 2010

Free surface liquid jet impingement, which is applicable to cooling of hot plates in a steel-making process, is investigated numerically by solving the conservation equations of mass, momentum and energy in the liquid and gas phases. The free-surface of liquid-gas interface is tracked by an improved level-set method incorporating a sharp-interface technique for accurate imposition of stress and heat flux conditions on the liquid-gas interface. The level-set approach is combined with a non-equilibrium $k-{\omega}$ turbulence model. The computations are made for slit nozzle jets to investigate their flow and cooling characteristics. Also, the effects of jetting angle, velocity and moving velocity of plate on the interfacial motion and the associated flow and temperature fields are quantified.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.435-440
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• 2012

In this study, nanoporous HKUST-1 membranes were synthesized by solvothermal method. It is very difficult to prepare uniform and crack-free HKUST-1 layer on macroporous alumina support by in-situ solvothermal method. In this study, continuous and crack-free HKUST-1 membranes could be obtained by spraying solvothermal precursor solution on the heated alumina support, followed by solvothermal synthesis. HKUST-1 membranes were characterized by XRD, FE-SEM and single gas permeation experiments.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2016.02a
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• pp.415.1-415.1
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• 2016

2009년도에 Perovskite가 태양전지에 처음 적용된 이후, Perovskite를 기반으로 하는 태양전지는 급속한 발전을 이루고 있으나, 향후 상용화를 위해서는 추가적인 공정개선 및 제조 단가를 낮추는 노력이 필수적이다. 초창기 Perovskite의 증착 공정은 One step deposition 방법이 사용되었으나, Layer의 thickness, uniformity 등을 조절하기 어려워 Sequential deposition 방법으로 개선되었다. 하지만 결과적으로 초기방법 대비 추가공정이 발생함에 따라 시간 및 비용의 증가가 불가피하였다. 제조단가 측면에서는 Perovskite 태양전지를 구성하는 재료 중 HTM(정공수송물질)을 구성하는 Spiro-MeOTAD의 비용이 가장 비싸다. 따라서 저비용 태양전지를 위해서는 HTM이 없는 구조가 필요하다. 이 페이퍼에서는 Perovskite 물질이 고흡광 능력 외에 충분한 전하수송능력을 보유한다는 점에 착안하여, Gas Pressure Assisted Modified One Step Deposition을 이용한 HTM Free Perovskite를 제작하고 기존의 Sequential Deposition Method 통해 만들어진 Perovskite 태양전지와 비교/분석하였다.