• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.283-288
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the transverse cervical artery of those who received preoperative radiotherapy or radical neck dissection and those who are unable to utilize the branch of external carotid artery system, which are most commonly used as recipient artery in head and neck reconstruction. Methods: 10 patients were selected as head and neck cancer candidates for study. 8 patients received radical neck dissection or modified radical neck dissection and 3 patients underwent preoperative radiotheraphy. In call cases, reconstruction using free flap was performed with transverse cervical artery as recipient artery and posterolateral cervical vein or transverse cervical vein as recipient vein. Results: Partial necrosis of flap due to wound infection was noted in one case and successful microsurgery was achieved in all other cases. The average pedicle length was 9.3 cm and all arteries underwent end to-end anastomosis. In 7 patients, posterolateral cervical vein was used as recipient artery and transverse cervical vein was utilized in 3 patients. Conclusion: In cases where recipient artery from external carotid system cannot be utilized due to preoperative radiotherapy or radical neck dissection, the transverse cervical artery can be an alternative option of choice. Due to diverse variations of transverse cervical vein as a recipient vein, the posterolateral cervical vein may be considered in such cases.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.59-67
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• 2016

The automotive manufactures increase their use of lightweight materials to improve fuel economy and energy usage has a significant influence on the choice of developing materials. To meet this requirements manufacturers are replacing individual body parts with lightweight metals, for these the process treating and painting surfaces is changing. The pre-coated steels are newly developed to avoid the conventional complex and non-environmental painting process in the body-in-white car manufacturing. The development of new joining techniques is critically needed for pre-coated steel sheets, which are electrically non-conductive materials. In the present study, dissimilar combination of pre-coated steel and galvanized steel sheets were joined by the self-piercing rivet, adhesive bonding and hybrid joining techniques. The tensile shear test and free falling high speed crash test were conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties of the joints. The highest tensile peak load with large deformation was observed for the hybrid joining process which has attained 48% higher than the self-piercing rivet. Moreover, the hybrid and adhesive joints were observed better strain energy compared to self-piercing rivet. The fractography analyses were revealed that the mixed mode of cohesive and interfacial fracture for both the hybrid and adhesive bonding joints.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제58권3호
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• pp.248-253
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• 2015

Objective : The treatment of giant cell tumor (GCT) is mainly performed surgically. However, GCT in spine seems difficult to treat because of the limited surgical accessibility and proximity. In this report, we analyzed the outcome of GCT treatment in spine. Methods : Between 2000 and 2012, 19 patients received treatment for GCT in spine. Median age at their first diagnosis was 31 years, 10 patients were male, and 9 female. Fourteen tumors were located in the sacrum, 1 in cervical, 1 in thoracic and 3 in lumbar spine. As primary treatment, gross total removal (GTR) was done in 6 patients, and subtotal removal (STR) in 13 patients. Radiation therapy (RT) as an adjuvant therapy was performed in 2 cases in GTR group and 10 cases in STR group. Results : During the follow-up, 7 patients had local recurrence (36.8%). The average period until recurrence after primary treatment was 14 months. No recurrence was detected in GTR group. Recurrence was noted in 7 out of 13 patients who underwent STR. These differences were statistically significant (p=0.024). A median of recurrence free period (RFP) was 84 months. Also average RFP of the RT group was 112 months, and non-RT group was 65 months. These differences were statistically significant (p=0.041). Conclusion : Treatment of choice for GCT in spine is a complete removal of tumor without neurological deficits. In case of incomplete removal, radiation therapy may be a useful adjuvant treatment modality.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.524-529
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Use of smaller plates to control food intake is a commonly recommended strategy for restricting energy intake, despite conflicting results. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine whether or not three different sizes of plates influence energy intake during a multi-itemed buffet meal in normal weight women. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This was a cross-over study conducted on 37 female participants aged 19-25 years with normal BMI levels. Participants were recruited from Hacettepe University and the surrounding community. On experimental days, participants ate a standard breakfast and were then randomly assigned to eat lunch using a small (19 cm), medium (23 cm), or large (28 cm) diameter plate. Visual analogue scale (VAS) scores on sensory and satiety outcomes were measured for all meals. Energy and macronutrient intakes during lunch were recorded. RESULTS: There was no evidence that use of a smaller plate size reduced energy or specific macronutrient intake during the free choice lunch meal. Multiple visits to the serving table were not associated with energy or macronutrient intake. Plate size did not affect VAS scores during the test days. CONCLUSIONS: Plate size did not influence energy intake, meal composition, or palatability in normal weight women during a multi-itemed open buffet lunch. Studies in natural settings at the population level are needed to clarify current outcomes.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제33권
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• pp.121-144
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• 2007

The International Chamber of Commerce has been the world's leading organization in the field of international commercial dispute resolution. Established in 1923 as the arbitration body of ICC, the International Court of Arbitration has pioneered international commercial arbitration as it is known today. The ICC International Court of Arbitration is the world's foremost institution in the resolution of international business disputes. While most arbitration institutions are regional or national in scope, the ICC Court is truly international. The purpose of this paper is to examine their advantages and to introduce main contents provided in ICC Rules of Arbitration as follows; First, before the actual merits of the case can be addressed, the Arbitral Tribunal must first draw up the Terms of Reference. The Terms of Reference should include the particulars listed in the ICC Rules. Apart from the full names and description of the parties and arbitrators, the place of arbitration and a summary of the parties' respective claims, they contain particulars concerning the applicable procedural rules and any other provisions required to make the Award enforceable at law Second, the Scrutiny is a fundamental feature of ICC arbitration and is one that distinguishes it from the other major international arbitration rules. The scrutiny system has two aspects ; the first is to identify or modify the defects of form, while the second is to draw the arbitrators' attention to points of substance. Third, as soon as practicable, the Court fixes an advance on costs intended to cover the estimated fees and expenses of the arbitrators, as well as the administrative expenses of ICC. Specially, the advance on costs fixed by the Court shall be payable in equal shares by the Claimant and Respondent. Finally, the parties are also free to select the arbitrator or arbitrators of their choice. The Court or the Secretary General confirms arbitrators nominated by the parties. Taking a step forward, to upgrade the quality of the award of KCAB, it is desirable to consider how to incorporate the main contents of the ICC Arbitration into Korea Commercial Arbitration Rules.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.561-567
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• 1993

Twenty Korean native bulls averaging 181 kg body weight were fed a fixed amount (1.5% of live weight) of concentrate and free choice roughage cubes which had four ratios of rice straw and orchard grass hay; 100:0, 85:15, 70:30 and 55:45 on a weight basis. Five bulls were assigned to each treatment and fed for 98 days in a confinement house. Nutrient digestibility and available energy content of mixed rations (40% concentrate and 60% roughage cubes) was determined in a digestion trial with twelve wethers. In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and in situ dry matter disappearance of the roughage cubes were also determined. The ratio of grass hay to rice straw did not influence dry matter intake. Significant improvements in body weight gains and feed/gain ratios were obtained as grass hay levels increased. Average daily gain and feed/gain for each treatment was 0.83, 0.88, 0.98 and 0.99 kg; 7.63m 7.59, 6.83 and 6.41, respectively. Digestibility of the nutrients was improved with increasing levels of grass hay in the cubes. The IVDMD of roughage samples having a ritio of 100:0, 85:15, 70:30 and 55:45 between rice straw and orchard grass hay were 31.0, 37.1, 41.8 and 43.4%, respectively. Grass hay improved the IVDMD of rice straw diets in a linear manner up to 30%. In situ dry matter disappearance rate was also increased as the level of orchard grass hay increased.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.167-174
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• 2018

일본정부는 급격하게 고령화 되어가는 사회에 대응하기 위해 지속적으로 노인복지를 확대해왔다. 그리고 일본의 노인 복지제도의 바탕을 이루고 있던 조치제도는 2000년에 들어서면서 개호보험이라는 사회보험적 형태의 노인복지 시스템으로 변화, 정착되었고 일본의 노인복지 시스템은 획기적인 변화를 맞게 되었다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 개호보험이 가지는 주요 특징 중에 특별히 주목하는 점은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 개호보험은 사회보험시스템으로서 의무적인 가입을 해야 하며 상당한 양의 보험금과 자기부담금을 부담해야한다. 둘째, 복지제도의 이용자는 소비자로 인식되며, 그들은 다양한 소비자로서의 초이스를 가질 수 있도록 하고, 이를 위해 복지서비스 제공자는 자유시장에서의 경쟁의 원리를 바탕으로 활동하게 된다. 그리고 이전의 조치제도 하의 복지서비스 제공자들이 정부 주도의 시설과 단체들로서 그에 대한 규제가 엄격하였다면, 개호 보험에서의 서비스 제공자들은 훨씬 유화되고 간단해진 관리와 규제를 받게 되었다. 이러한 개호보험의 특징은 재일조선, 한국인 조직들이 재일 고령자라는 소비자에게 일본 복지서비스에서는 찾기 힘든 한민족의 민족적 콘텐츠를 노인 복지 영역에 도입하는 활동을 기획하고 실천하는데 있어 그 동력을 제공하였다. 즉, 한민족 콘텐츠를 복지 서비스의 판매에 유리한 조건(selling point)로서, 동시에 예상되는 복지이용에서의 민족적 불이익에 대한 대안으로 삼음으로써 일본의 노인복지서비스 영역을 다양화하는 결과를 가져왔다.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.153-157
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• 2012

Purpose: There has been no definite consensus on standard treatment, either local or systemic, for the Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). Radiotherapy (RT) can be a good local therapeutic choice especially in non-AIDS associated KS (NAKS) for its indolent behavior. Materials and Methods: Medical records of 17 KS patients treated with RT at the Seoul National University Hospital from February 1998 to January 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. One human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)+ patient with 3 lesions was excluded. The total number of the lesion was 23 among the 16 patients. The median follow-up period was 27.9 months. Correlation between response and variables was analyzed using the logistic regression model. Median age of the patients was 75 years. All the 23 lesions were located at the extremities. Fourteen (61%) of those had pain or local swelling as the initial presentation. Ten patients had possible causes of immunodeficiency and were regarded as iatrogenic, and other 6 were classic KS. Median dose of RT was 36 Gy. Results: No KS-related death was observed. Excluding 2 with short-term follow-up only, complete response and partial response were obtained in 2 (9%) and 19 (73%) lesions, respectively. Of those, 3 lesions underwent local progression. Six had out-of-field recurrence after RT. Symptom improvement was achieved in 13 (93%) of 14 patients. Grade 2 skin toxicities were found in 9 lesions but all got improvement after treatment. When divided into responsive and progressive group, free from progression was not related to any of the possible variables. Conclusion: RT is effective in local control of NAKS resulting great response rate.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.3-27
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• 2016

There is a need for disputes in sports to be settled by arbitration rather than a court ruling, taking the unique characteristics of sports into consideration. Arbitration is a form of alternative dispute resolution (ADR). A dispute resolution system is regarded as: an arbitrator is selected by the agreement between the parties, and a binding decision is made, which the parties obey, consequently resulting in a final resolution. To resolve a dispute upon arbitration, there must be an arbitration agreement upon the free will of the parties. In relation to the arbitration agreement, however, there are some cases in which sports organizations have an arbitration clause in the articles of association, regulations or player registration application that call for settling disputes by arbitration. In such cases, the validity of the arbitration agreement may create doubt whether or not this sort of arbitration has been made by mutual agreement. Consequently this is required to be legally examined. The activities of a sports organization are recognized as part of private autonomy, and they include even the rights that establish regulations or rules. Nonetheless, the powers that such sport organizations are able to establish are not allowed without limit. However, sports activities and autonomy shall be protected as themselves. Therefore, if we give priority to arbitration upon the independent arbitrator and fair process by establishing an independent arbitral organization in charge of sports disputes to handle the effective resolution of disputes and protect sports autonomy and ask for a court decision if one party disobeys the arbitration, or the sports arbitration prepositive principle, it seems helpful to resolve the unfairness of compulsory jurisdiction and the clause for sports arbitration and protect the player's right of choice and of claims for trial.

• 한국보육지원학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.47-73
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 만3세 인기아의 친구와 교사관계에 대해 알아보았다. 총 48회 참여 관찰을 통하여 자료를 수집하였으며 개별 면담, 교사 면담, 현장일지 등을 분석에 포함하였다. 인기아는 단짝 친구와 상호적 친구관계를 유지하면서 서로 도와주고 양보하는 모습을 보였지만 다른 또래 유아에게는 배타적인 모습을 보였다. 교사가 의도적으로 분리했을 경우에는 단짝친구와 돈독한 친분을 유지하다가 제약이 풀리자 친한 관계가 사라져버리기도 했다. 반면 인기아는 친하지 않은 친구에게 지시적으로 대하고 자신이 원하는 대로 행동하는 모습을 보였다. 또한 인기아는 교사의 사랑과 칭찬을 받기 위해 의도적인 행동을 많이 했으며, 이러한 행동을 통해 교사로부터 보상을 받고 다시 강화를 받는 순환적인 경험을 하였다. 본 연구에서는 사회적 관계가 시작되는 만 3세 인기아의 삶 속에 들어가 친구와 교사와의 관계가 어떠한지 살펴봄으로써 인기아의 사회적 관계에 대해 알아보았다.