• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.227-234
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• 2000

Many reports suggest that neurotensin (NT) in the gastrointestinal tract may play a possible role as a neurotransmitter, a circulating hormone, or a modulator of motor activity. NT exerts various actions in the intestine; it produces contractile and relaxant responses in intestinal smooth muscle. This study was designed to investigate the effect of NT on motility of antral circular muscle strips in guinea-pig stomach. To assess the role of $Ca^{2+}$ influx in underlying mechanism, slow waves were simultaneously recorded with spontaneous contractions using conventional intracellular microelectrode technique. At the concentration of $10^{-7}$ M, where NT showed maximum response, NT enhanced the magnitude $(863{\pm}198%,\;mean\;SEM,\;n=13)$ and the frequency $(154{\pm}10.3%,\;n=11)$ of spontaneous contractions. NT evoked a slight hyperpolarization of membrane potential, tall and steep slow waves with abortive spikes $(278{\pm}50%,\;n=4).$ These effects were not affected by atropine $(2\;{\mu}M),$ guanethidine $(2\;{\mu}M)$ and tetrodotoxin (0.2μM). NT-induced contractile responses were abolished in $Ca^{2+}-free$ solution and reduced greatly to near abolition by $10\;{\mu}M$ of verapamil or 0.2 mM of $CdCl_2.$ Verapamil attenuated the effects of NT on frequency and amplitude of the slow waves. Taken together, these results indicate that NT enhances contractility in guinea-pig gastric antral circular muscle and $Ca^{2+}$ influx through the voltage-operated $Ca^{2+}$ channel appears to play an important role in the NT-induced contractile mechanism.

• 약학회지
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.62-66
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• 2008

In this study, we examined the inhibitory effects of propenone derivatives, 1,3-diphenyl-propenone (DPhP), 3-phenyl-1-thiophen-2-yl-propenone (PhT2P), 3-phenyl-1-thiophen-3-yl-propenone (PhT3P) and 1-furan-2-yl-3-phenyl-propenone (FPhP), on $TNF-{\alpha}$-induced nuclear factor (NF)-${\kappa}B$ activity and interleukin (IL)-8-induced monocyte adhesion to colon epithelial cells. 1-Furan-2-yl-3-pyridin-2-yl-propenone (FPP-3) that is previously reported as a $NF-{\kappa}B$ inhibitor suppressed $TNF-{\alpha}$-induced monocyte-epithelial cell adhesion in a concentration-dependent manner. The propenone derivatives, DPhP, PhT2P, PhT3P, FPhP, also inhibited $TNF-{\alpha}$-induced $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation in a similar degree to FPP-3. In a DPPH radical scavenging assay, none of the compounds showed DPPH radical scavenging activity, indicating that the inhibitory actions of the propenone derivatives on redox-sensitive $NF-{\kappa}B$ activity is not due to a simple free radical scavenging activity. In addition, the propenone derivatives also suppressed the IL-8-induced monocyte adhesion to colon epithelial cells. Furthermore, the effective concentrations of the propenone derivatives on both $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation as well as IL-8 induced monocyte-epithelial cell adhesion were 1000 times lower than 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), a clinically used drug for inflammatory bowel disease. These results suggest that the propenone derivatives may be a potential lead having a strong inhibitory activity against inflammatory cytokine-induced epithelial inflammation.

• 한국시뮬레이션학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국시뮬레이션학회 2001년도 The Seoul International Simulation Conference
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• pp.321-324
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• 2001

The robot soccer simulation game is a dynamic multi-agent environment. In this paper we suggest a new reinforcement learning approach to each agent's dynamic positioning in such dynamic environment. Reinforcement Beaming is the machine learning in which an agent learns from indirect, delayed reward an optimal policy to choose sequences of actions that produce the greatest cumulative reward. Therefore the reinforcement loaming is different from supervised teaming in the sense that there is no presentation of input-output pairs as training examples. Furthermore, model-free reinforcement loaming algorithms like Q-learning do not require defining or loaming any models of the surrounding environment. Nevertheless it can learn the optimal policy if the agent can visit every state-action pair infinitely. However, the biggest problem of monolithic reinforcement learning is that its straightforward applications do not successfully scale up to more complex environments due to the intractable large space of states. In order to address this problem, we suggest Adaptive Mediation-based Modular Q-Learning(AMMQL) as an improvement of the existing Modular Q-Learning(MQL). While simple modular Q-learning combines the results from each learning module in a fixed way, AMMQL combines them in a more flexible way by assigning different weight to each module according to its contribution to rewards. Therefore in addition to resolving the problem of large state space effectively, AMMQL can show higher adaptability to environmental changes than pure MQL. This paper introduces the concept of AMMQL and presents details of its application into dynamic positioning of robot soccer agents.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.20-36
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• 2004

After studying the theory of JangBu(臟腑), that is a physiology of Sasang Constitutional Medicine, in Sasang Constitutional Medicine, the author could draw a conclusion as these. 1. The basic thought of Sasang Constitutional Medicine is emphatic on the human beings itself unlike the idea of traditional Oriental Medicine, that accentuate the universe.(The traditional Oriental Medicine has a concept that the human beings follows the order of universe, but Sasang Constitutional Medicine has a different idea that human beings has the free will to the universe and newly comprehend the relationships between human beings and universe.) 2. Like the preceding, the theory of JangBu(臟腑), the physiology of Sasang Constitutional Medicine, is based on the autonomic mechanisms of human body itself. 3. The medical philosophy of Sasang Constitutional Medicine is Sasang(四象), that is Sa(事), Sim(心), Sin(身) and Mul(物). This Sasang is a classification of universe include human beings.(Sa(事) is event, Sim(心) is mind, Sin(身) is body, and Mul(物) is things. these four elements express the universe and human.) 4. The JangBu(臟腑) theory of Sasang Constitutional Medicine regard mind condition as important. The mind condition is divided into two factors. The one is Seong(性) the other is Jeong(情). The Seong(性) is an attitude toward the world, and the Jeong(情) is response to the stimulation from the world. 5. By the actions of Seong(性) and Jeong(情), the human body has different JangBu(臟腑) function, so the human body can be grouped in four constitutions. 6. Because of emphasis on mind condition, the Sasang JangBu(臟腑) theory has activism of human beings itself. 7. This activismor practical philosophy of Sasang JangBu(臟腑) theory, that is a physiology of Sasang Constitutional Medicine, gave birth to ethics or morality in Medical philosophy, that the human practice of ethics or morality bring a health and well being of human body.

• 한국보육지원학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.47-73
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 만3세 인기아의 친구와 교사관계에 대해 알아보았다. 총 48회 참여 관찰을 통하여 자료를 수집하였으며 개별 면담, 교사 면담, 현장일지 등을 분석에 포함하였다. 인기아는 단짝 친구와 상호적 친구관계를 유지하면서 서로 도와주고 양보하는 모습을 보였지만 다른 또래 유아에게는 배타적인 모습을 보였다. 교사가 의도적으로 분리했을 경우에는 단짝친구와 돈독한 친분을 유지하다가 제약이 풀리자 친한 관계가 사라져버리기도 했다. 반면 인기아는 친하지 않은 친구에게 지시적으로 대하고 자신이 원하는 대로 행동하는 모습을 보였다. 또한 인기아는 교사의 사랑과 칭찬을 받기 위해 의도적인 행동을 많이 했으며, 이러한 행동을 통해 교사로부터 보상을 받고 다시 강화를 받는 순환적인 경험을 하였다. 본 연구에서는 사회적 관계가 시작되는 만 3세 인기아의 삶 속에 들어가 친구와 교사와의 관계가 어떠한지 살펴봄으로써 인기아의 사회적 관계에 대해 알아보았다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.341-346
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of Cordyceps militaris extract supplementation on the improvement of blood glucose, lipid compositions and hepatic functional enzyme activities in the serum of streptozotocin(STZ, 50 mg/kg BW, IP injection)-induced diabetic rats fed the experimental diets for 5 weeks. The concentrations of blood glucose and lipid compositions(total cholesterol, ${\beta}$-lipoprotein, free cholesterol, cholesteryl ester, triglyceride and phospholipid) and atherosclerotic index in serum were significantly lower in the DM+CM group than in the DM group, whereas the ratio of HDL-cholesterol concentration to total cholesterol in the DM+CM group were higher than in the DM group. The activities of hepatic functional enzymes(aminotransferase, LDH and ALP) in serum were lower in the Cordyceps militaris extract administration group(group DM+CM) than in the hyperglycemic DM group. The results shown above suggested that Cordyceps militaris extract supplementation effectively improves blood glucose and atherosclerosis in the serum of diabetic rats.

• Journal of Evidence-Based Herbal Medicine
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.39-44
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• 2009

All medicines are poisonous, and there are none free from poison. Thus, all things may be regarded as poisonous. And poison and medicine is the same one of which actions differ from each other. Medicine may be good medicine or poison according to doses, whether chemical medicine or herbal one. Herbal medicine falls into the category of natural materials. From ancient times humankind has Been using animals and plants as food, but on the other hand, chemical medicine is unfamiliar relatively to natural materials. Somecine is unfamilis, absorbed into the human boan, are transformed and help deemicfication. Other medicines protect the gastric mucous membrane and are demulcent, and inhibithemica materials from being absorbed. In some cases, ine is unfamilis function as deemicfiers in combination withhemica materials, and remove the toxicity and side effect caused by drug properties. Herbal medicine causes less side effects, as compared to chemical one, and thus can work effectively. As the case stands, some deem that herbal medicine does not cause problems despite high dose and long-term use because it is nontoxic or low-toxic. However, herbal medicine may be also poisonous though it is used at a very low dose. Even a deadly poison may produce therapeutic results satisfactorily without side effects, on condition that it is used properly.

• 생약학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.130-141
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• 2000

The dried roots of Rehmannia glutinosa (RG) have been used in the traditional medicine for treatment of diabetes, fever and dysuria, etc. In order to investigate the quality evaluation of the dried roots of RG, we conducted the physico-chemical and biological evaluation method. The amount of catalpol from commercial samples is very diverse about $0.00{\sim}3.89%$ by using HPLC method, because it is easily decomposed by processing of RG. So, we should try to identify the correlation with the contents of catalpol and biological activities of RG. We chose 3 samples which were a wide difference of catalpol contents between each sample (Sample-I; 3.4%, Sample-II; 2.8%, Sample-III; 0.05%). Sample-I and Sample-II were found to be more effective than Sample-III on the DPPH free radical scavenging effect and inhibitory effect on $H_2O_2-catalyzed$ lipid peroxidation in rat liver in vitro. And, Sample-I and Sample-II exhibited more significant effects than Sample-III on accelerating actions of the small and large intestinal transport, and diuretic action in mice. So, it is suggested that the quantitative determination of catalpol should be required for the tandardization of the dried roots of RG.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.290-296
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• 2013

In preliminary tests, we examined the effect of several fractions isolated from fermented pine needle extract on pacemaker potentials in cultured interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) from the mouse colon using a whole cell patch clamp technique. Among these fractions, Fraction 3 (F3) elicited the most powerful depolarization of membrane. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of F3 obtained from fermented extract of Pinus densiflora needle on pacemaker potentials in ICCs and to establish its mechanism of action. Colonic ICCs generated spontaneous periodic pacemaker potentials in the current-clamp mode. F3 depolarized the membrane and decreased the frequency and amplitude of pacemaker potentials in a dose-dependent fashion. The F3-induced effects on pacemaker potentials were blocked by methoctramine, a muscarinic $M_2$ receptor antagonist, and by glycopyrrolate, a muscarinic $M_3$ receptor antagonist. The F3-induced effects on pacemaker potentials were blocked by external $Na^+$-free solution and by flufenamic acid, a non-selective cation channel blocker, as well as by the removal of external $Ca^{2+}$ and in the presence of thapsigargin, a $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase inhibitor in the endoplasmic reticulum. Taken together, these results suggest that F3 of pine needle extract modulates the pacemaker activity of colonic ICCs by the activation of non-selective cation channels via muscarinic $M_2$ and $M_3$ receptors. And external $Ca^{2+}$ influx and intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ release are involved in F3 actions on ICCs.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.255-268
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• 2014

We are now currently facing serious climate changes such as super typhoon, flood, intense heat, severe cold, super hurricane, drought, desertification, destruction of ecosystem, marine pollution, reduction of food production, destruction of tropical forests, exhaustion of water resources, climate refugees, etc. All of the above mainly derive from greenhouse gas exhaustion. Such harmful consequence might directly affect mankind's sustainable development. If we keep using resources that emits greenhouse gases, the global temperature will rise about $3.2^{\circ}C$ by year 2050. In case of $3^{\circ}C$ rise in temperature, it will result in abnormal climate which will bring about severe property damage. Moreover, 20~50% of the ecosystem will become extinct. As Korea's economy increasingly expands, so do our energy consumption rises. And because of the consequences that can be driven by increasing rate of resource use, not just Korea itself, but also the whole world should seriously concern about greenhouse gases. Although agricultural division only takes up about 3.2% of total greenhouse gas emission, the ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs are taking voluntary actions to gradually reduce $CO_2$ and so does each and every related organizations. In order to reduce $CO_2$, introduction of new and renewable energy in farm house warming is crucial. In other words, implementing wood-pellet boiler and geothermal heat boiler can largly reduce $CO_2$ emission compared to diesel boiler. More importantly, not only wood-pellet and geothermal heat is pollution-free but they also have economic advantages some-what. In this thesis, the economic advantage and sustainablity will be introduced and proved through comparing practical analysis of surveyed farm house under structure employing wood-pellet boiler and geothermal heat boiler with Agriculture-Economic Statistic of 2012 who uses diesel boiler.