• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.306-314
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• 2006

중국 최고의 의약서인 신농본초경(Shennong Classics of Material Medic)과 중국 명대($1368{\sim}1644$)에 이시진이 저술한 본초강목 등 여러 문헌에 기록으로 전해지고 있는 백봉오골계의 의약적 기능을 볼 때 백봉오골계육은 건강 기능 식품의 신소재로서 개발할 만한 충분한 가치가 있다. 본 연구에서는 약계인 백봉오골계가 우리나라 재래 오골계인 연산오골계와 해부학적 특성과 고기의 영양성분에 있어서 어떤 차이점이 있는가를 조사하였다. 1. 백봉오골계의 해부학적 특성 1) 백봉오골계는 깃털이 눈과 같이 희고 깃털의 우판(羽辦)은 가늘게 갈라져 있어 유연한 견사(silk)와 같다. 연산오골계의 깃털은 일반 닭과 같은 모양이고 검은색이다. 2) 백봉오골계의 벼슬은 phoenix crown이라는 별명을 가지고 있는데 일반 닭과는 모양이 다르며, 벼슬은 수컷 경우 장미모양, 산딸기 또는 오디 모양이며, 암컷의 경우 자주 빛깔의 산딸기 또는 오디 모양이다. 3) 백봉오골계의 부리(beak)는 짧고 단단하며 납빛 blue(leaden blue)이고 얼굴은 매끈하고 우아하며 육수는 자색을 띤 창백색이다. 4) 백봉오골계의 눈 홍채는 암갈색 내지는 검정색(dark dark brown)이고 가장 큰 특징 중의 하나는 공작 색(peacock green) 또는 터키 옥색(lightblue turquoise)과 같은 귓불(earlobes)을 가지고 있는 것이다. 연산오골계는 흑회색의 오디 모양의 벼슬을 가지고 있으며 부리(beak)는 길고 단단하며 얼굴은 크고 육수는 적자색을 띤다. 눈의 홍채는 검정색을 가지고 있다. 5) 백봉오골계의 꽁지는 짧은 편이고 많지 않은 부드러운 깃으로 되어 있고 연산오골계 꽁지는 일반 닭과 같다. 6) 백봉오골계의 머리에는 수술(tassel)이 있으며 너무 크게 자라서 앞이 보이지 않는 것도 있다. 턱수염이 있는 종(bearded)과 턱수염이 없는 종(non bearded)이 있다. 7) 백봉오골계의 발가락 수는 5개로 이루어져 있다. 다리는 짧고 흑회색이며 바깥쪽에 깃털이 나 있다. 연산오골계의 발가락 수는4개로 이루어져 있으며 다리 부분에 깃털이 없다. 8) 백봉오골계와 연산오골계의 총 신장을 비교해 볼 때 암수 모두 연산오골계가 백봉오골계 암수보다 훨씬 더 크다는 것을 알 수 있다. 9) 백봉오골계의 피부는 곱고 검푸른색 또는 흑회색이며, 모공은 연산오골계에 비해 모공수가 적고 모공이 가늘다. 연산오골계의 피부는 거칠고 짙은 흑회색을 띠며 백봉오골계보다 모공수가 더 많고 모공도 더 크다. 10) 백봉오골계와 연산오골계는 모두 일반 양계와는 달리 근육, 내장, 뼈 등이 일반적으로 흑회색을 띠고 있다. 2. 백봉오골계 육의 일반 성분과 Mineral 함량 1) 백봉오골계육은 연산오골계육과 일반 양계육에 비해 수분과 지방 함량은 적고, 단백질과 회분 함량이 높은 것이 특징 이다. 2) 백봉오골계는 칼슘(Ca), 인(P), 철(Fe), 칼륨(K), 아연(Zn)의 함량은 모두 다리살이 가슴살보다 더 높은 경향을 보였으며 특히 철(Fe)의 함량은 가슴살보다 약 5.6배, 아연(Zn)은 약 5.2배나 높았다. 그러나 연산오골계는 칼슘(Ca)과 철(Fe), 아연(Zn)만이 다리살이 가슴살 보다 더 높았고 인(P)과 칼륨(K)은 가슴살이 다리살보다 더 높은 경향을 보였다. 가슴살과 다리살 중의 Mineral 함량을 비교해 보았을 때 인(P), 철(Fe), 칼륨(K), 아연(Zn)의 함량은 백봉오골계가 연산오골계보다 높은 경향을 보였으며 칼슘(Ca)함량만이 백봉오골계보다 연산오골계가 높은 경향을 보였다. 3) Fe의 함량은 백봉오골계와 연산오골계 모두 다리살이 가슴살보다 더 높았으며, 다리살 중의 Fe 함량을 비교해 보았을 때 백봉오골계가 3.9 mg%, 연산오골계가 1.0 mg%로서 백봉오골계가 연산오골계보다 약 4.0배나 더 높았다. 4) Zn의 함량도 백봉오골계와 연산오골계 모두가 다리살이 가슴살보다 훨씬 더 높은 경향을 보여주었다. 연산오골계의 경우 Zn 함량은 가슴살이 0.6 mg%, 다리살이 2.3 mg%로서 다리살이 가슴살보다 약4배 높았다. 백봉오골계의 경우 Zn함량은 가슴살이 0.5 mg%, 다리살이 2.6 mg%로서 다리살이 가슴살보다 약 5배 정도 높았다. 5) K의 함량은 백봉오골계가 가슴살과 다리살 모두에서 연산오골계보다 높았다. 그리고 백봉오골계는 가슴살보다는 다리살이 연산오골계는 다리살보다는 가슴살이 K함량이 높았다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.447-451
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• 1996

Bacillus sp. TA-11에 대한 오골계 난백 lysozyme과 일반 난백 lysozyme의 용균성을 비교분석 하였다. 오골계 난백 lysozyme의 용균활성은 Bacillus sp. TA-11를 5$0^{\circ}C$에서 18시간 정치배양한 대수기 후기의 세포에 대하여 가장 높았고, lysozyme의 농도는 0.25%가 최적이었다. 또한 lysozyme의 최적반응 pH와 온도는 각각 4.5와 35$^{\circ}C$였다. 일반 난백 lysozyme의 용균활성은 시험균주를 24시간 배양한 정지기의 세포에 대하여 가장 높았고 lysozyme의 최적 농도는 0.5%였으며 반응 최적 pH와 온도는 각각 5.5와 4$0^{\circ}C$이었다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.170-173
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• 2006

우리나라에서 생산되는 양이 가장 많은 계분부숙퇴비를 벤자민 고무나무에 시용하여 게분부숙퇴비의 사용처와 고무나무의 생육과 품질을 향상 시킬 수 있는 방법을 알아 내기 위하여 시험을 수행한 결과를 보고하고자 한다. 1. 벤자민 고무나무의 생육은 계분 부숙퇴비의 시용량 10%일때 가장 좋았다. 2. 벤자민 고무나무의 양분흡수량은 정식후 일수 가 증가함에 따라 많아 지었는데 성분별로 검토하여 보면 질소 > 칼리 > 석회 > 인산 > 마그네슘의 순으로 많았다. 3. 계분부숙퇴비의 시용량에 따른 양분의 흡수량을 살펴보면 계부숙퇴비 10% 해당량 시용이 가장 많았다. 4. 계분부숙퇴비 시용량이 증가할수록 계분부숙퇴비의 뿌리 발육특성 계분부숙퇴비 10% 해당량 시용이 가장 좋았다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.831-836
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• 2001

Little information on the cholesterol content and the fatty acid composition of avian species other than chicken is available. This study was conducted to compare the yolk cholesterol content and the fatty acid profiles of some wild birds maintained in captivity on commercial grain-based chicken diets. The concentration of cholesterol/g of yolk as well as the total yolk cholesterol per egg varied among species. Yolk cholesterol concentration, expressed as mg/g of yolk, was highest in chukar, followed by pheasant, guinea fowl and quail, while total yolk cholesterol in an egg was highest in guinea fowl, followed by pheasant, chuckar and quail. An inverse relationship between yolk cholesterol concentration and egg weight was observed among species with an exception of quail. Although major fatty acids of egg yolk were oleic acid, palmitic acid, linoleic acid and stearic acid in all birds, the composition varied among species. Chukar and quail showed higher oleic acid content than pheasant and guinea fowl, while showing lower linoleic acid. Fatty acids of chukar and guinea fowl eggs were more saturated than those of pheasant and quail. Chukar and especially quail had higher monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) than pheasant and guinea fowl; in quail egg 51.6% of total fatty acids were MUFA. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), essential fatty acids (EFA) and the ratio of PUFA to saturated fatty acid (P/S ratio) were higher in pheasant and guinea fowl than in chukar and quail. Differences in fatty acid profile of triglyceride (TG) among birds were largely similar to those of total lipid. In comparison to TG, phosphatidyl choline (PC) was low in MUFA while high in saturated fatty acids (SFA), PUFA, P/S ratio and EFA. PC was most saturated in guinea fowl egg yolk, followed by chukar, quail and pheasant. PUFA, P/S ratio and EFA in PC were highest in pheasant followed by chukar, guinea fowl and quail. PE was distinguished from PC by its high contents of stearic acid, eicosapentenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexenoic acid (DHA) while low in palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids. In egg yolk of all birds MUFA was significantly lower in PE than in PC except in quail. Compared to other species, quail had a considerably higher content of MUFA in PE at the expense of SFA and PUFA.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.349-360
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• 2000

An epidemiological survey was conducted to investigate fowl typhoid outbreaks in Kyungnam province of Korea. The causative agent, salmonella gallinarum was isolated from 68 chicken samples of tentatively diagnosed fowl typhoid cases occurred during the period from January 1996 to September 1999. Comparative studies were also carried out to evaluate the diagnostic methods for detection of S gallinam The results obtained were as follows; 1. Of the 68 cases of tentatively diagnosed fowl typhoid, 56 (82%) cases were determined as fowl typhoid by biochemical test and pathological findings. The other 12 (18%) cases were determined as paratyphoid. 2. Fowl typhoid outbreaks occur continuously all seasons in the year, however the incidence was remarkably increased from May to September. 3. The frequency of incidence of fowl typhoid in terms of regional distribution was relatively high in egg-laying hens facilities, and the mode of transmission is likely to be either egg-to-egg or lateral transfer by wild birds or rats. 4. All of 18 isolates from 56 cases were identified as S gallinarum by biochemical and serological test. 5. Antimicrobial drug susceptibility test against 18 isolates showed that the isolates were highly susceptible to ASH, CZ, CF and GM (above 90%), whereas those strains were 100% resistant to EM, NA and PC. 6. S gallinarum rfbS gene was targeted to be amplified by PCR for comparative detection of S gallinarum in the experimentally infected chickens. The amplified 720bp DNA fragment, which is specific in D serogroup strains of S enterica subspecies was confirmed by agarose gel electrophoresis. 7. A comparison made between fecal culture and PCR-method revealed that later-method was relatively higher in detection rate than that of former method for S gallinarum. 8. Comparison of currently applied methods, rapid serum agglutination test (RST) and microplate agglutination test (MAT), with experimentally infected chickens were made to evaluate sensitivity of detection by neutralizing antibody titration. Both methods detected neutralizing antibodies from the challenged chickens of 5 day post infection. However, positive reactions were determined after 7 and 9 days post infection by MAT and RST, respectively.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.167-171
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• 2020

The epidemiological investigation of outbreak in korea confirmed that the inflow of avian influenza (AI) is related to the migration of migratory birds. In this study, avian repellents instrument were implemented and developed using the visual effects of lasers in accordance with the situation of small domestic fowl farms, and monitoring cameras were installed around each instrument to investigate the frequency of wild birds appearing and evaluate the performance of the instrument. Observation showed that the appreance ratio was reduced by 95%, and no significant reduction in the intrusion prevention effect by adaptation was observed on all fowl farms. In conclusion, it is expected that the outbreak of wild bird-borne infectious diseases such as avian influenza will be decreased if the device is installed on domestic fowl farms.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.115-119
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• 2020

Fowl cholera is an infectious disease caused by Pasteurella multocida that contributes to high economic loss in the commercial chicken industry. Three Pasteurella multocida strains were isolated from outbreaks of acute fowl cholera in the Korean layer farms from 2018 to 2019. One strain was identified and serotyped using capsular PCR typing. This strain was also genotyped by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) PCR typing as A: L3, whereas other strains were non-typable. The multilocus sequence typing (MLST) result showed that the A: L3 strain is sequence type (ST) 134; the non-typable strains were recorded as the following new STs: ST 366 and ST 374. Using phylogenetic tree analysis based on MLST sequences, we determined that ST 366 and ST 374 are closely related to the reference strains that were previously isolated from duck and chicken in Korea, and they were highly prevalent within the Korean cluster. In conclusion, Pasteurella multocida strains were identified and isolated in this study. Furthermore, this is the first report of using MLST to determine the prevalence of fowl cholera in Korea.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권7호
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• pp.927-934
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• 2012

The efficiency of insertion and/or deletion (indels) polymorphisms as genetic markers was evaluated by genotyping 102 indels loci in native chicken populations from Myanmar and Indonesia as well as Red jungle fowls and Green jungle fowls from Java Island. Out of the 102 indel markers, 97 were polymorphic. The average observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.206 to 0.268 and 0.229 to 0.284 in native chicken populations and 0.003 to 0.101 and 0.012 to 0.078 in jungle fowl populations. The coefficients of genetic differentiation (Gst) of the native chicken populations from Myanmar and Indonesia were 0.041 and 0.098 respectively. The genetic variability is higher among native chicken populations than jungle fowl populations. The high Gst value was found between native chicken populations and jungle fowl populations. Neighbor-joining tree using genetic distance revealed that the native chickens from two countries were genetically close to each other and remote from Red and Green jungle fowls of Java Island.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.344-353
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• 2006

Symptoms of fowl cholera including orofacial edema, swollen and edematous wattles and combs, and severe respiratory disorders were detected in domestic poultry in two broiler breeder farms: one located in Gyeong-gi Province (October, 2000) and the other in Chung-cheong-nam Province (March, 2001). Gram-negative, bipolar staining bacillus was easily found in a direct smear. The biochemical properties of isolates were examined using a standard diagnosis method, proving that they were 99.7% similar to the Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida: PM), a pathogenic and causative agent of fowl cholera (FC). As a result, an FC outbreak in domestic fowls was confirmed for the first time in Korea since 1942. Because FC was detected in broiler breeder farms for the first time in 59 years at the same time as an FC outbreak was confirmed in wild birds (October, 2000), our concern was focused on whether the PM strains that originated in wild birds were transmitted into poultry forms. The possibility was tracked down by comparing phenotypic and genetic properties between the two types of PM strains. PM strains of chicken origin showed prominent differences from the PM strains of wild bird origin in both phenotypic and genetic properties. An examination of the origin of the wild bird bacteria was conducted, but no evidence has been identified that PM strains from the wild bird were introduced into domestic poultry farms.

• 대한수의사회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.62-70
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• 1983

This experiments was conducted in order to exermine the effect of fowl gizzard mucouse membrane dry powder on blood picture and its chemical value of mice (d d Strain). The data were obtained from 20 heads each female and male, which were allotted for 4 t