• 아동학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.45-57
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• 1990

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the age-related differences in recall and to assess effects of presentation modality, encoding condition and cue modality on recall in terms of encoding specificity principles and dual-coding theory. Eighty children in each of 3grades(first, third and fifth) were presented a 30-item set of pictures or words on cars for recall in a study-test procedure. The experiment was designed as a 3(age) x 2(presentation modality:picture or word) x 2(encoding condition:random or category) x 2(cue modality:picuture or word) factorial design. Statistical analyses were with four-way ANOVA and $Scheff\acute{e}$ test. It was concluded from these results that when the stimulus was presented by pictures, encoded by category and the cues were also presented by pictures, recall increased in all ages. These results were interpreted in terms of encoding specificity principles and dual-coding theory.

• 한국수학사학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.301-313
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• 2019

This paper briefly examines the Book of Changes that is the philosophical background of East Asian ancient mathematics and its collection of complementary(ShíYì), and then examines the structure and contents of GyeSaJeon, which explains the basic principles of Book of Changes as one of ShíYì. GyesaJeon reveals the unique East Asian thought of dealing with numbers in the process of explaining the formation of Eight-Gwae(Bagua) and Sixty-four-Gwae based on Yin-Yang theory. It understands numbers in terms of symbols, not quantitative, and use them to represent characteristics or hierarchy of certain classes, and to explain certain principles. Based on this, the implications of using East Asian mathematics history in the mathematics classroom are discussed.

• Perspectives in Nursing Science
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.50-65
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• 2004

Despite the new wave of diverse philosophical thoughts in nursing, the criteria for theory evaluation rarely incorporate the new thoughts in its realm. Especially, feminist thoughts, which have contributed to the development of nursing knowledge through incorporating diversities and complexities of nursing phenomenon and reflecting social, cultural, and historical contexts surrounding nursing encounters, were rarely incorporated into the evaluation criteria. In this paper, a feminist approach to theory evaluation is proposed based on a critical analysis of the existing evaluation criteria. First, a historical review of feminist thoughts is provided, and feminist principles across diverse groups of thinking within feminism are discussed. Then, theory evaluation criteria are historically analyzed and critiqued while considering the feminist principles. The critical points found in the currently available theory evaluation criteria include: (a) the evaluation criteria are based on objectivity, (b) they are ignoring gender differences; (c) cultural differences tend not to be seriously considered; and (d) contexts surrounding nursing phenomenon are rarely considered. Based on the critical points, four additional components for theory evaluation are proposed. The components are: (a) respect for subjectivity; (b) historical and sociopolitical contextual considerations; (c) gender sensitivity; (d) cultural competence; and (e) blueprint for action.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.113-126
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• 1998

This study is on the organizational principles of Chinese traditional houses. It has been assumed that a common cultural background did influence dwelling construction in most areas of China, some specific concepts are used to build a connection between the culture and architecture. There are four aspects of cultural influence being explored: traditional concept of space by the philosophical influence, religious influence, the Feng Shut method, and traditional system of family organization. The influence of the Chinese culture on dwelling architecture is predominant. Housing types from different areas of China, despite their different physical appearance, have similar spatial concepts. This cultural influence was due to the historic development of the Chinese empire. The organizational principles of Chinese dwelling architecture determined by its own cultural background have five major invariable norms. They are as follows: 1. Internal and enclosed spatial organization. 2. Grouping of buildings around axes. 3. Spatial organization and extension by courtyard. 4. Spatial expansion by adding units. 5. Hierarchical organization of space.

• International Journal of Quality Innovation
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.177-194
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• 2006

This research investigates the status of environmental design implementation in Taiwan's industries (Certified by ISO 14001) by employing questionnaire survey. The correlation between the degree of environmental design implementation in Taiwan's industries and the relevant entrepreneurial characteristics are examined. Twenty-six environmental design principles in four phases: design, manufacturing, sales and transportation, and disposal are used to define and assess the current status of environmental design. The data analysis methods applied to this research includes descriptive statistics, T-test, Chi-square test, and single-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA). It is evident that 21 out of the 26 environmental design principles are frequently and consistently employed by the manufacturers in Taiwan. The results indicate that environmental design implementation is becoming mature in Taiwan's industries.

• International Journal of Knowledge Content Development & Technology
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.85-105
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• 2017

Given the variety of approaches to mapping the universe of knowledge that have been presented and discussed in the literature, the purpose of this paper is to systematize their main principles and their applications in the major general modern library classification schemes. We conducted an analysis of the literature on classification and the main classification systems, namely Dewey/Universal Decimal Classification, Cutter's Expansive Classification, Subject Classification of J.D. Brown, Colon Classification, Library of Congress Classification, Bibliographic Classification, Rider's International Classification, Bibliothecal Bibliographic Klassification (BBK), and Broad System of Ordering (BSO). We conclude that the arrangement of the main classes can be done following four principles that are not mutually exclusive: ideological principle, social purpose principle, scientific order, and division by discipline. The paper provides examples and analysis of each system. We also conclude that as knowledge is ever-changing, classifications also change and present a different structure of knowledge depending upon the society and time of their design.

• 대한전기학회논문지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.171-178
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• 1987

A study of two phase chopper system with four separate groups of DC motors in powering. A novel two phase chopper system with four separate groups of DC motors which applies the principles of two phase chopper with two separate groups of DC motors is dealt with this article. The main circuit consists of eight sets of chopping parts, four diodes and four separate groups of DC motors. Four groups of DC motors are driven through the series and parallel connections to each other in accordance with the operating conditions of the choppers. Although the proposed chopper circuit requires more circuit elements than the conventional two phase chopper system with combined output or two phase chopper system with two separate groups of DC motors, it has the following advantages` (1). It is possible to drive twice as much motors as conventional system does, using esisting receiving-and equipments and motors. (2). It is possible to control load voltage continuously from 0 to source voltage by changing time-ratio from 0 to 1. (3). Load current division becomes equalized. Therefore it is possible to drive not only series motors but also shunt and separately exited motors. (4). When smoothing reactor L is small, harmonic components of the proposed circuit is not so large. Therefore, the value of L can be determined from viewpoints of allowable value of ripple-ratio and current unbalance factor.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제46권
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• pp.61-104
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• 2010

The purpose of this work aims to analyse the principles of good faith under international transaction with CLOUT and UNILEX cases. Article 7(1) CISG sets the stage for the interpretation by promoting a uniform approach using good faith and the international charter of the convention. In other words, article 7(1) defines the purpose and the principle of interpretation and is applied to the Convention as a whole. As such, it also includes article 7(2), which goes beyond the big picture and settles the problems of gap filling. It is also important to understanding that the mandate of the CISG is to look for a solution, which is not only restricted to interpretation but extends to solving a problem. The problem in this work is to find out how gap filling is achieved and, because of the autonomous mandate of interpretation, to explain and understand its relationship with domestic law. The solution to the interpretation of article 7(2) must be found within the four corners of the CISG. To restate, article 7(2) describes two situations where gap filling is needed. First, if the matter is governed by the Convention but not expressly settled, then a gap must be filled in conformity with general principles on which it is based. Second, if the matter is not covered then the gap must be filled taking domestic law into consideration. There are two reasons why a matter may not be covered by the Convention. First and most obviously, it has been specifically exclude from the sphere of Application by the CISG itself, such as validity in article 4. Second, changes in business methods will lead to gaps. The United Nations has established a service known as CLOUT. This contains abstracts of hundreds of selected decisions of both courts and arbitration tribunals. And UNILEX is cosponsored by the Italian Centre for Comparative and Foreign Law Studies and UNIDROIT Contract Principles. The cases are in abstract format, but, when available, the full text of the case in the original language is also supplied.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.63-72
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• 2007

본 연구의 핵심은 유역별 통합관리에 필요한 재원을 중앙과 지방정부 그리고 유역내의 지자체간에 어떠한 기준으로 분담하느냐를 다루는 것이다. 이를 위하여 본 연구에서는 재원의 배분을 유역 내의 이수, 치수, 수질개선에 따른 분담원칙과 이를 현실적으로 적용할 공통기준과 개별기준을 설정하고, 설정된 기준에 대한 가중치를 계층적 의사결정기법을 통하여 산정하였다. 재원분담 방안을 유역별로 적용한 결과, 합리적인 재원의 조달 방법이 유역별로 매우 상이함을 발견하였다. 한강과 영산강 섬진강 유역은 개별기준과 수익자 부담원칙에 충실한 부담금적 성격이 타당한 반면, 낙동강과 금강유역은 공통기준과 부담능력에 충실한 조세적성격의 재원배분이 합리적임을 발견하였다.

• 융합경영연구
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.10-32
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• 2017

The landscape of corporate reporting is changing quickly. The concepts, elements and principles that characterize the way organizations plan, manage and report their annual performances are currently being questioned, debated, and redesigned throughout the world. However, widening the scope of corporate performance and reporting is a major issue. Research needs to bridge the gap between social and financial performance by considering corporate performance in a wider perspective. At base, IR is a relatively new but powerful idea: enhancing the way organizations think, plan and report the story of their business. Organizations are using IR to communicate a clear, concise, integrated story that explains how all of their resources are creating value. This paper examines the rise of what has been widely claimed to represent a new and striking future for corporate reporting, namely the notion of "Integrated Reporting" (IR). Unfortunately, there is poor empirical research work undertaken which has focused on published integrated reports. This research study provides initial analysis of the content and structure of the corporate integrated reports published in 2013 and available on the International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC) Emerging Examples Database. As part of this study, Integrated Reports were analyzed for company information, report information and report content. Moreover, they were also evaluated as to the extent these adhered to the integrated reporting (IR) Guiding Principles, Content Elements, and the multiple capitals model. Findings of this study indicate that "early integrated reports were mostly lengthy, fail to adhere to all the guiding principles, and covered four of the six capitals suggested." At present, no universally accepted global framework for IR exists and it is still largely a voluntary practice. We believe that IR of both financial and non-financial performance should be made mandatory, and it should become a universal practice for all the global listed companies within the next 5-10 years.