• The Journal of Korean Association of Computer Education
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.27-39
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• 2016

It is necessary for us to be equipped with problem-solving ability, logical thinking ability, and convergence thinking ability in the digital information age. To have these abilities, modern people in the $21^{st}$ century should be educated to develop the computational thinking ability. However, it is difficult to cultivate the computational thinking ability in current computer education curriculum. Therefore, this paper aims to propose a programming-based computer educational program to make students better understand the principles of computer science and enhance student's computational thinking ability escaping from current fragmentary and limited computer education. In order to verify the effectiveness of the educational program, students in total 42 middle school (22 students in 1st and 2nd grades and 20 in 3rd grade) were applied to the educational program for twenty-four hours on 12 weeks and then we obtained a positive result that might bring improvement on the logical thinking ability and creative problem-solving skills. As a result, this study presents the possibility of its field applications of computational thinking-based programming learning and analyzed the effectiveness. therefore, it has a notable point of presenting the development direction of a variety of education programs for enhancing the computational thinking in the future.

• Journal of Korean Society of Archives and Records Management
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.127-151
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• 2014

This study aims to share a methodology for locality reproduction by concretely explaining the theoretical model, procedure, and practice of constructing the Port of Busan Image Digital Archive, based on the photographic and postcard images of the Port of Busan, the representative place of Busan. Among the open-source record management programs, Omeka was chosen in implementing the digital archive because of its suitability for image exhibition. After establishing the principles for archive implementation in accordance with the purpose of the archive, a basic investigation was conducted for the record collection. With the consent of the individuals and institutions that possess the related records on the Port of Busan, such as the National Archives of Korea, the Busan Museum, and the City of Busan, original image artifacts were thus collected. The collected artifacts were then described using the Dublin Core metadata and categorized by time period. The Port of Busan was classified through four distinctive spatial characteristics (transportation, historic, industrial, and living spaces). A total of 11 themes for the exhibition was then suggested. The Busan-Shimonoseki Ferry Boat was chosen as an example exhibition of transportation space.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.1041-1054
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• 2013

Big ideas are overarching principles that help students to build a holistic understanding of domain-specific knowledge and assimilate individual facts and theories. This study aims to design a standard-based integrated science curriculum framework based on Big Ideas. The core contents were extracted by analysing the 2009 National Science Standards curriculum of primary and middle schools. Four Big Ideas, 'diversity,' 'structure,' 'interaction,' and 'change,' were generated after the process of examination and categorization of core contents. The scientific facts, disciplinary concepts, and interdisciplinary concepts of every scientific domains included in each Big Idea are represented as a knowledge pyramid. Essential questions guiding the direction of curriculum design were proposed on each Big idea. Based on the framework, teaching modules for 'structure' were developed for grades 5~6.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.49-61
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• 1979

A review of this literature and discussions reveal a development of ideas concerning the elements of nursing models. The elements of a nursing model are the nurses view of the human being, nursing's goal, and nursing activities. It has long been recognized that human beings, at one time or another, require nursing care. Varieties of literature were reviewed in regard to the human being as recipient of nursing care through the theory development in nursing. Florence Nightingale initiated the modern era of nursing and described more clearly man as the recipient of nursing care. She looked at man as responding to the laws of nature whether the person was healthy or sick. Henderson added to Nightingale's concept of man , the recipient of nursing care by emphasizing that man is a whole, complete, and independent being. Her view is further specified by her enumeration of the activities the human being must perform. Johnson has developed a very comprehensive view of man as the recipient of nursing care. Man is a behavioral system which has a tendency to achieve and maintain stability in patterns of functioning. Like Nightingale, Johnson sees that similar patterns occur in both health and illness. Johnson postulates that the whole behavioral system of the human is composed of eight sub-systems: affiliative, achievement, aggressive, dependency, eliminative, ingestive, restorative, sexual. Roger's main contribution to the development of nursing models was her emphasis upon unitary man. She pointed out that man is a unified whole, possessing his own integrity and manifesting characteristics that“are more than and different from the sum of his parts.”Rogers focuses on the life processes of the human and points out that these processes have the following characteristics. Wholeness, openness, unidirectionality, pattern and organization, sentence, and thought. According to Roy, man is a biopsychosocial being in constant interaction with a changing environment. To cope with this changing environment, man has certain innate and acquired mechanisms. Man's ability to respond positively or to adapt, depends upon the degree of the change taking place and the state of the person coping with the change. When she analyzes man as an adaptive organism she further describes man as being composed of four adaptive modes: physiological needs, self-concept, role function, and interdependence. Based on the literary review through the theory development in nursing, general approach by a unified nursing model to a view of the recipient of nursing care may be stated as follows: Man is a unified whole composed of subsystems with a flexible and normal line of defense; his internal regulating mechanisms help him to cope with a changing environment; he functions by the principles of homeodynamics.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.357-364
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• 1999

This study measures the influence of grass cover on water use and shoot growth of apple trees growing under different soil water regimes in temperate climate conditions and evaluates monthly crop coefficients of such conditions during four months of the growing season in 1995. To do so, double pot lysimeter experiments of 3-year-old Fuji' apple (Males domestica Borkh.) trees under a transparent rain shield were designed and installed. Trees were triplicate under three soil water regimes: (A) drip-irrigation at -50 kPa of soil matric potential (IR50). (B) drip-irrigation at -80 kPa of soil matric potential (IR80), and (C) constant shallow water table at 0.45 m below the soil surface (WT45). In each treatment, two soil surface conditions were tested: the soil surface bare, and covered with turf grasses. Mean monthly water use increased with increasing soil matric potential for drip irrigation and was greatest in the WT45 treatment. Monthly crop coefficients increased linearly in time for drip-irrigated apple trees ($r^2$ values of $0.953^{***}$ for turf grass-covered system and of $0.862^{***}$ for bare surface system), while those obtained in the WT45 treatment fluctuated, Duncan's multiple range tests for shoot growth showed that grass-covered IR50 was most favorable to apple trees. while bare surface waterlogged situation was most adverse at least in part due to a lack of oxygen in the root zone. Mid-season leaf Kjeldahl-N was higher in drip-irrigated apple trees than in WT45 trees, while soil Kjeldahl-N was not different irrespective of treatments.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.1-12
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to provide implications for the demonstration and the spread of smart cities. For this, the European Lighthouse project, a well-known smart city initiative, is analyzed. This article investigates agendas, applied solutions, stakeholders and cooperation, and expansion strategies in the 18 Lighthouse projects implemented by the EIP-SCC Smart City Demonstration Project. Four implications are discussed for Korean smart city projects. First, in promoting smart cities, clear philosophies and principles should be established in response to global issues such as climate change. Second, smart cities should be understood as the approaches for problem-solving rather than simply applying advanced technology. Third, a business system should be established in a way to meet the needs of the actors participating in the smart city demonstration project. Finally, an evaluation framework should be established to verify the performance of the project. High-performing best-practice projects should be supported by articulating their standards for their lessons to be spread into other cities. The implications presented here can contribute to developing smart city models along with follow-up studies.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.41
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• pp.91-120
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• 2010

In this paper, I tried to analyze the image of bamboo from Chang Hyun-kwang's poetry. Especially I focused on defining the symbolic meaning of bamboo as a poetic material. To achieve this, I inspected his view of world and politic life. He considered his contemporary period as 'ethically corrupted' world. During his life time, he served for three kings and also suffered from the fires of war four times. That means, he had to undergo the political unrest and national crisis during his life time. Due to the chaotic state of affairs, all the people were busy pursuing their own interests. It made Chang had no choice but retiring from active life. While Chang revealed his attitude to life through writing poetry, he used the image of bamboo as a completion of one's mature character. And the image of bamboo what he used was somewhat different from general one. Chang used the image of bamboo in two ways. The one is seeking live in retirement, and the other is chasing completion of his own mature character in academic way.

• Journal of The Korean Association of Information Education
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.437-448
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• 2021

As the core technology of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, AI is applied to various fields of society(e.g. politics, culture, industry, economy, etc.) and causes revolutionary changes. Students who will lead the age of AI need the ability to recognize social changes due to AI, acquire AI related knowledge and utilize AI in various situations. However, it is difficult for elementary school students to understand the concept and principles of AI. Therefore, this study developed an AI education program by selecting educational contents and methods appropriate to the level of elementary school students, and investigated the educational effects of the program by applying it to an actual educational setting. The content selected in this study is 'Social Awareness on AI', 'Understanding AI' and 'Utilizing AI', and eight content elements were selected. To help students learn AI easily and pleasantly at their level, activity-centered education, convergence of subjects and project-based learning were selected as instructional methods, and 20 sessions of education program were developed and implemented. In addition, the effects of the program were analyzed concerning 'perception on AI', 'convergent thinking', 'creative problem-solving' and 'collaboration capability', and positive changes were verified for all four aspects.

• Industry Promotion Research
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.51-58
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• 2022

This study is based on Freud's psychoanalysis and intends to deal with the actual psychoanalytic counseling applied to it. In particular, I would like to study the counseling process and counseling techniques. The research results are as follows. The counseling process goes through four stages: initiation, transfer development, training, and transfer resolution as follows after selecting a client and constructing a counseling situation. In the beginning phase, the client listens to important past histories. In the metastasis development stage, it is from the time when metastasis appears. The training phase is the phase in which the client's insight is translated into real life to bring about change. The transfer resolution stage is the period when transfer analysis and interpretation are completed. Counseling techniques include free association, empathy, resistance, transference and countertransference, and interpretation. Free association is a key technique in psychoanalytic therapy and plays an important role in maintaining the analytical framework. Empathy is the ability of the therapist to identify herself with the client and the ability of the therapist to convey the empathic experience to the client itself is a key mechanism for change. Resistance refers to any behavior in which the client does not cooperate with counseling. Transference and countertransference are the main techniques of psychoanalysis. This is because the psychoanalyst induces and resolves the transference of the client during the treatment process. Interpretation refers to the technique of responding verbally in order to understand the needs, meanings, and motives hidden behind the client's thoughts, feelings, and actions. In conclusion, the counseling process of psychoanalytic counseling refers to the purpose of effective counseling by selecting a client and constructing a counseling situation. In addition, the principles of psychoanalysis in counseling techniques are applied to treatment procedures that vary according to the nature of the case, and can be variably applied while treating the same client.

• Journal of Practical Engineering Education
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.235-244
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• 2022

In this study, a class operation case of an engineering design project targeting a golf ball dispenser, a commercial product, was presented. The project was carried out according to the systematic engineering design approach suggested by Kim Jong-won and W. Beitz. This method broadly divides engineering design into four stages: 'product planning → conceptual design → basic design → detailed design'. In particular, the conceptual design stage is divided into 'functional structure diagram → detailed working principle exploration → various design alternatives creation → optimal design selection'. In the conceptual design, the input/output of the golf ball dispenser was defined and a functional structure diagram was prepared for it. Through this process, it was possible to subdivide the functions of the product and to easily explore the working principle for each. The searched working principles are devised as various design alternatives by various combinations, and for each proposal, the advantages and disadvantages were compared with each other to derive the optimal design alternative. In the basic design, the prototype layout was completed through failure mode analysis and the actual prototype was manufactured using it. Through the entire process, students participating in the class will be able to design commercial products in a systematic way and experience manufacturing prototypes within the department of mechanical engineering curriculum.