• Korean Journal of Hospice Care
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.26-41
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• 2007

There are three things that are not known to the human being. That is when, where and how one will die. Most people live ignoring death. However, elements of death linger everywhere. The purpose of this treatise is investigates about justification Deciding for Other directions. First, I will investigate about Deciding for Other directions, when patient can not decide own, I will do investigate agent's decision's problem. Second, These four principles provide the common ground for biomedical ethics. Principlism argue that a method using four principles can resolve controversies in bioethics. The method holds that there are four principles-respect for autonomy, nonamleficence, beneficence, justice- that articulate the necessary conditions of common morality for health care and bioethics. Beauchamp and Childress respond by arguing that the two problems are nc the meaning or interpretation but the process of specification. Third, So, Supplement four principles' problem to Levinas concept of the Other theory. Levinas concept of the Other is very resemblant with 'Love your neighbour as yourself." Christians believe that Love is above all and they act accordingly. They base this faith mainly upon the motto of "love your neighbour as yourself." Fourth. difficult part of Levinas concept of the Other is that there is no human to equal infinite sense of responsibility. Can be supplemented about this through cooperation of community. Four principles can be brought to bear on moral choices. And they asserts that each principles has weigh but they do not assign a priority weighting of ranking. All the principles are equal in moral decision making.

• Educational Technology International
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-23
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• 2009

Learners are often posited in a paradoxical situation where they are not fully involved in decision making processes on how to learn, in designing their tools. Cognitive artifacts in e-learning are supposed to effectively support learner-centered e-learning. The purpose of the study is to analyze cases of cognitive artifacts and to inquire those design principles for facilitating the learner-centered e-learning. Four research questions are suggested: First, it will be analyzed the characteristics of learners with respect to design of cognitive artifacts for supporting the learner-centered e-learning. Second, characteristics of four cases to design cognitive artifacts in learner-centered e-learning environment are analyzed. Third, it will be suggested the appropriate design principles of cognitive artifacts to facilitating learner-centered learning in e-learning environment. Four cases of cognitive artifacts design in learner-centered e-learning was identified as follows: Wiki software as cognitive artifacts in computer-supported collaborative learning; 'Play Around Network (PAN)' as cognitive artifact to monitor learning activities in knowledge community; Knowledge Forum System (KFS) as a cognitive artifact in knowledge building; cognitive artifacts in Courses-as-seeds applied meta-design. Five design principles are concluded as follows: Promoting externalization of cognitive artifacts to private media; Helping learners to initiate their learning processes; Encouraging learners to make connections with other learners' knowledge building and their cognitive artifacts; Promoting monitoring of participants' contributions in collaborative knowledge building; Supporting learners to design their cognitive artifacts.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2015

Objectives : In Pharmaceutical Affairs Act, herbal medicinal preparations are defined as medicines made by Korean medicine principles. But in Act, Korean medicine principles are vague. Thus, there is a request to explain what the Korean medicine principles are. The aim of this study is to suggest implications of Korean medicine principles in definition of herbal medicinal preparations. Methods : With regard for definition of Korean medicine principles, we referred to the domestic and foreign regulations and literature about the history of herbal medicinal preparations. As a result, the meaning of Korean medicine principles was historically examined from various angles. Results : Through this study, we studied the Korean medicine principles from the past medical history. Due to the broad definition of Korean medicinal principles, we tried to extract general ideas of medicine principles first. We also found that we had scientific formulations based on korean medicine principles which could be used in modern society. In the end, we found that numerous medicine principles which include ‘Four qi and five flavors theory’, ‘Processing of medicinals’, ‘Yin and yang theory’, ‘Five phases theory’, ‘Meridian entry of viscera and bowels theory’, ‘Herb Couplet Interaction theory’, ‘Sovereign, minister, assistant and courier theory’, etc. Conclusions : Innumerable principles used from the past existed. These principles were broad and could be used as modern scientific principles. Based on these facts, we illustrated details of Korean medicine principles, hope this principles be widely shared and Korean herbal medicinal preparations be further developed.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.161-175
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• 2020

The current study aimed to develop the design principles for maker programs using virtual reality and apply them in developing a simulation mobile application. First, through collecting and analyzing the relevant studies and cases eight design principles with four components were derived. Then, these initial design components and principles were revised and improved in accordance with evaluations of an expert panel composed of three professors/researchers, two teachers, and two IT industrial experts. Based on the revised design principles, a VR simulation app for maker education was developed and evaluated on whether the principles were properly applied to the app development by the expert panel. The finalized eight design principles, as a research outcome, can contribute to the design and development of various types of educational programs that can replace the actual making experience even in educational fields where it is difficult to build maker spaces or provide materials and equipment. In the near future, empirical studies are expected to develop customized maker programs considering the characteristics, levels, and needs of students and verify their educational effectiveness.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.19-26
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• 2024

Purpose: The present research encircled on a systematic view of leadership in sports, an area that can be used to boost the skilling of employees. Four specific managerial development tools have been formulated during this research based on relevant materials studied in the previous section. Research design, data and methodology: This research used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) standards to systematically search for, screen, and synthesize relevant past research on using sports leadership principles for team member development. Results: The findings in this research offer four staff leadership development program ideas that are unique and beneficial for firms looking to foster the development of strong leaders. By deploying sport-based principles and methodology, these approaches can solve the limitations of conventional leadership development programs. This will demonstrate how each plan can help HR managers develop the appropriate strategies for their companies. Conclusions: In sum, this research suggests that by incorporating time-honored principles of sports leadership, these models will provide HR managers with an excellent arsenal of tools for developing a generation of leaders endowed with the skills, mindset, and resilience required to ensure the organization's prosperity under the most adverse conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.64-78
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• 1999

Recently, new concept and paradigm of 'Environmental Sustainability' is taking a growing interest in environmental planning and design. This study is to establish the environmental sustainability principles, based on the concept of ESSD, and to develop the evaluation model of environmental sustainability for korean rural housing estates. A sustainability indices system, which is composed of 5 principles, 16 categories, an 37 estimation items, was finally established. Five principles of environmental sustainability for rural housing estate were. 'Sustainable Land Use', 'Interdependence of Men and Nature', 'Ecological Principles and Diversity', 'Efficient use of Energy and Recycling', and ' Minimizing Environmental Pollution'. And weighting values of each indicators, such as estimation items, categories, and principles, were estimated, based on the result of AHP etc. The questinnaire survey was conducted for experts of four related major fields. Finally, the validity and reliability of the sustainability indices system were verified.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.122-134
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to comprehend how traditional design theory, 'design elements and principles' have been applied to space design, taking interior designs of restaurants as the subjects of the research. Furthermore, this study intends to provide practical help to the restaurant designers and students who major in interior design, by summarizing the applications case by case. For the analysis, 10 restaurant projects were selected to which 'design elements and principles' were well applied. In order to widen the scope of application cases, this study selected four Korean restaurant projects, and three US and Japan restaurant projects, respectively. Through the analysis, it was found that many unexpected results can be produced when various elements composing a space are combined together, including not only two-dimensional elements such as plane and color, texture, and pattern but also three-dimensional elements and architectural elements composing interior space. Moreover, I became to have confidence that 'design elements and principles' would sustain the value in most design parts including interior design in the future as well.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.276-283
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• 2010

ISO 9000 family of standards are consisted of four international standards for implementing and operating effective quality management systems. They are interrelated and together form a coherent set of quality management system standards. ISO 9000, one of the standards, contains quality management principles, which is asserted to form the basis of other standards within the family. ISO 9001 is another standard within the family and contains requirements for quality management systems. This paper shows how the quality management principles of ISO 9000 are related with the requirements of ISO 9001.

• Journal of Software Engineering Society
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.125-139
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• 2010

This paper first examines the notion of software and the importance of software development and then presents twelve fundamental principles for software architecture design as the key enabling technology for effective software development. This paper divides design steps into four groups, i.e. analyzing the problem, deciding architecture modeling methods, architecture design process and architecture evaluation. Then it identifies the principles within and across the various steps of software architecture design and explains their roles.

• 전자공학회논문지 IE
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.36-44
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to develop the basic design principles for the engineering mathematics teaching model that supported college students to become collaborative problem solvers. For this purpose, the following four design principles were drawn from the steps of systems approach, especially with consideration of needs of engineering students, professors, curriculum and relevant research on mathematical education. As a result, the four design principles for the engineeering mathematics teaching model were drawn as follows: (1) Improve students' basic mathematical learning abilities through repetition and elaborative practice of the basic mathematical concepts and principles, (2) Develop students' problem solving abilities through collaborative projects or learning activities with peers, (3) Facilitate students' reflection and provide teacher's monitoring and prompt feedback during their learning process, and (4) Build up online learning environments that enable students to become self-regulated learners.