• 멤브레인
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.291-312
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• 2017

해수담수화는 최근 전 세계적으로 대두되고 있는 물부족 현상을 해결하기 위한 최적 기술 중 하나이다. 막분리 및 투과 현상의 근본적인 이해는 차후의 막여과 기술의 발전을 위해서 뿐만 아니라, 현재 막기술 증진을 위한 통합적 디자인, 최적화 제어법, 그리고 중장기적 유지관리를 위해서도 매우 중요하다. 이에, 본 연구는 물질 전달 및 여과 현상에 대한 기존의 주요 모델들을 상세히 재검토하고, 통계물리학에 근간하여 주요 막분리 현상들을 이론적으로 분석하며, 원천적 모델에 기초한 물리적 의미와 그들이 실제 막공정에서 미치는 영향들에 대해서 함축적으로 토의하고자 한다. 이론적 재검토의 과정에서 새로이 유도된 복합적 막오염도(Combined Fouling Index (CFI))의 소개도 포함한다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.169-175
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• 2017

This study applied microbubbles to reduce membrane fouling in wastewater reuse membrane processes, evaluated and compared the transmembrane pressure with or without the application of microbubbles and the cleaning efficiency with the application of aeration and microbubbles. In addition, this study analyzed foulants removed from the membrane surface. Changes in the transmembrane pressure of membranes with the presence or absence of microbubbles were observed. As a result, transmembrane pressure (TMP) increasing rate decreased twofold when applying microbubbles to realize stable operations. This study compared and evaluated cleaning efficiency applying aeration and microbubbles. As a result, the cleaning efficiency was 5% higher on average when applying microbubbles. In turbidity and total organic carbon (TOC), foulants were discharged when applying microbubbles twice as much as applying aeration. It is thought that particulate foulants precipitated on the membrane surface were more likely to desorb because the adhesion between the membrane surface and particle was weakened by microbubbles. Therefore, it is considered possible to effectively control membrane fouling because of the increase in cleaning efficiency when applying microbubbles to wastewater reuse membrane processes.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제16권9호
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• pp.1175-1182
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• 2002

The commercial viability of heat exchanger is mainly dependent on its long-term fouling characteristic because the fouling increases the pressure loss and degrades the thermal performance of a heat exchanger. An experimental study was performed to investigate the characteristics of fluid flow and heat transfer in a fluidized bed heat exchanger with circulating various solid particles. The present work showed that the higher densities of particles had higher drag force coefficients, and the increases in heat transfer were in the order of sand, copper, steel, aluminum, and glass below Reynolds number of 5,000.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.240-246
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• 2014

A fault detector was developed for heat exchangers of a hybrid heat pump (HP) for household. The proposed detector can be applied directly to raw operating data. It is to monitor a tracking error between a measured saturation temperature and its state observer. The observer was estimated from a state-space model simulating dynamics of a heat exchanger. The real hybrid HP was substituted with a dynamic simulator that implemented two-phased heat transfer and was validated by experimental data. And artificial fault data were generated using the simulator. Diagnosing the data showed the following. The residual calculated from the state observer error shows a relatively robust consistency with respect fouling level. The fault detector is practically useful because it detects a threshold fouling beyond which the performance starts to deteriorate significantly.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.441-445
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• 2010

진동 수주형 파력 발전 브이는 해상에 설치되는 시스템으로 내부 지름 및 내부 유입 저항에 의하여 출력이 결정된다. 해상에 설치되는 진동 수주의 경우 내부에 패류의 증착에 의하여 내부 지름이 줄어들게 된다. 또한 패류의 증착에 의하여 유입되는 해수의 저항이 증가하게 되어 파력 발전 효율을 급감시킨다. 본 논문에서는 AFS을 이용하여 해양 구조물에 패류의 증착을 억제하는 실험을 수행하였다. Buck converter를 이용하여 전극봉에 흐르는 전류량을 제어하였다. 또한 기존 선박의 AFS와 달리 해양 구조물에 적합한 AFS제어 알고리즘을 개발하였다. 실험 결과 AFS을 통하여 조류 증착을 방지할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.223-229
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• 2015

The application of coagulation for feed water pretreatment prior to microfiltration (MF) process has been widely adopted to alleviate fouling due to particles and organic matters in feed water. However, the efficiency of coagulation pretreatment for MF is sensitive to its operation conditions such as pH and coagulant dose. Moreover, the optimum coagulation condition for MF process is different from that for rapid sand filtration in conventional drinking water treatment. In this study, the use of response surface methodology (RSM) was attempted to determine coagulation conditions optimized for pretreatment of MF. The center-united experimental design was used to quantify the effects of coagulant dose and pH on the control of fouling control as well as the removal organic matters. A MF membrane (SDI Samsung, Korea) made of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) was used for the filtration experiments. Poly aluminum chloride (PAC) was used as the coagulant and a series of jar tests were conducted under various conditions. The flux was $90L/m^2-h$ and the fouling rate were calculated in each condition. As a result of this study, an empirical model was derived to explore the optimized conditions for coagulant dose and pH for minimization of the fouling rate. This model also allowed the prediction of the efficiency of the coagulation efficiency. The experimental results were in good agreement with the predictions, suggesting that RSM has potential as a practical method for modeling the coagulation pretreatment for MF.

• 멤브레인
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.205-211
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• 2016

새롭게 제조된 납석기반 세라믹 멤브레인의 기본성능을 관찰하였다. 실규모 하수처리 membrane bioreactor (MBR) 미생물 고농도 현탁액을(MLSS : 약 6 g/L) 처리하는 납석기반 멤브레인 파울링 현상을 서로 다른 공기 폭기량과 막 간격에 대해 관찰하였다. 공극크기가 약 $1.0{\mu}m$인 비코팅 납석기반 세라믹 멤브레인 지지체의 순수투과도의 경우 약 $1100L/m^2{\cdot}hr{\cdot}bar$로 측정되었으나 알루미나로 코팅된 납석기반 세라믹 멤브레인은 공극크기의 감소로($0.3{\mu}m$) 순수 투과도는 두 배가량 감소하였다. 실규모 MBR 미생물 현탁액을 적용한 침지식 여과실험에서 납석 기반 세라믹 멤브레인 지지체의 경우 투과플럭스 20 LMH에서 공기폭기량을 증가시켰을 때 파울링은 감소하였다. 그러나 공기폭기가 파울링에 미치는 영향은 막간 간격에 상당히 의존하였다. 일정한 공기폭기 유량에서 막간간격의 증가는 파울링을 감소시켰으나 막간 간격을 3.5에서 5.4 cm로 증가시켰을 때 파울링 속도는 오히려 증가하였다. 알루미나 용액으로 표면코팅된 납석기반 지지체의 경우 유사한 결과가 관찰되었으나 파울링 속도는 코팅층이 없는 지지체에 비해 상대적으로 낮았다. 표면코팅에 상관없이 납석기반 지지체와 멤브레인의 경우 거의 완벽한 SS 제거효율을 나타내었다. 또한 납석 지지체 알루미나 표면코팅은 PEG (분자량 8,000 kDa)을 적용하였을 시 멤브레인의 유기물 배제율을 향상시켰다.

• 해양환경안전학회:학술대회논문집
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• 해양환경안전학회 2007년도 추계학술발표회
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• pp.35-41
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• 2007

An International Convention on the control of harmful anti-fouling system on ships(AFS Convention) was adopted on 5 October 2001 at Diplomatic Conference in London, and is expected to be presently effectuated with ratification of more than 25-member nations possessing about 25% of total world tonnage. This convention regulates the operation of harmful anti-fouling system and especially prohibits the use of organotin compounds contained in anti-fouling paint. Organotin compounds have a tendency to be easily extracted by specific solvents and have high polarity and low volatility as specific characteristics. This drives us to attempt of going through the process named derivatization that is required in analysis using a gas chromatography(GC). This study was conducted to determine the proper pre-treatment method, ethylation in comparison with hydridization on the analysis of tributyltin in organotin compounds and to verify the application of the method through the experimental analysis practically used anti-fouling paint and painted layer sample of the served ship.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.605-612
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• 2016

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) employ a process of biological treatment that is based on a membrane that has the advantages of producing high-quality treated water and possessing a compact footprint. However, despite these advantages, the occurrence of "fouling" during the operation of these reactors causes the difficulty of maintenance. Hence, in this study, three physical cleaning methods, namely, backwashing, air scrubbing, and mechanical cleaning ball was performed to identify optimum operating conditions through laboratory scale experiments, and apply them in a pilot plant. Further, the existing MBR process was compared with these methods, and the field applicability of a combination of these physical cleaning methods was investigated. Consequently, MCB, direct control of cake fouling on the membrane surface was found to be the most effective. Moreover, as a result of operating with combination of the physical cleaning process in a pilot plant, the TMP increasing rate was found to be - 0.00007 MPa/day, which was 185% higher than that obtained using the existing MBR process. Therefore, assuming fouling only by cake filtration, about one year of operation without chemical cleaning is considered to be feasible through the optimization of the physical cleaning methods.

• 한국막학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국막학회 1999년도 춘계 총회 및 학술발표회
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• pp.94-96
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• 1999