• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.559-568
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• 2013

Increased worldwide concerns about fossil fuel costs and effects on the environment lead many governments and scientific societies to consider the hydrogen as the fuel of the future. Many researches have been made to assess the suitability of using the hydrogen gas as fuel for internal combustion engines and gas turbines; this suitability was assessed from several viewpoints including the combustion characteristics, the fuel production and storage and also the thermodynamic cycle changes with the application of hydrogen instead of ordinary fossil fuels. This paper introduces the basic environmental differences happening when changing the fuel of a marine gas turbine from marine diesel fuel to gaseous hydrogen for the same power output. Environmentally, the hydrogen is the best when the $CO_2$ emissions are considered, zero carbon dioxide emissions can be theoretically attained. But when the $NO_x$ emissions are considered, the hydrogen is not the best based on the unit heat input. The hydrogen produces 270% more $NO_x$ than the diesel case without any control measures. This is primarily due to the increased air flow rate bringing more nitrogen into the combustion chamber and the increased combustion temperature (10% more than the diesel case). Efficient and of course expensive $NO_x$ control measures are a must to control these emissions levels.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.597-632
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• 2010

지구온난화의 주요 원인이 되는 온실가스 증가는 화석연료의 사용과 세계 각 지역에 분포된 산림의 벌채 및 파괴에 주로 기인하고 있다. 화석연료의 연소는 대기에 탄소를 증가시키는 반면에 산림자원과 더불어 화석연료 소비의 감소를 초래하는 연료용 목재의 사용은 대기의 탄소를 일정하게 유지하는 역할을 수행한다. 특히, 목조 주택과 목조구조물, 그리고 산림을 구성하는 나무는 지하에 매장된 화석연료처럼 대기로부터 탄소를 흡수하여 저장하는 기능을 한다. 따라서 본 연구는 지구온난화의 완화를 위해 산림자원이 기여하는 현안들을 논의하기 위해 목재시장, 화석연료시장, 탄소순환 과정을 결합한 통합모형을 개발하였다. 본 연구는 이산시간 적정제어이론을 사용하여 통합모형에 포함된 내생변수들의 적정시간경로와 운동방정식, 그리고 정상상태에서의 해를 도출하였다. 본 연구는 이 결과를 바탕으로 대기에 축적되는 탄소를 줄이기 위해 규제당국이 교부하거나 부과할 보조금 및 조세의 적정규모를 규명하였다. 아울러 본 연구는 대기에 축적되는 탄소로 인해 발생하는 사회적 비용의 증가가 내생변수들에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위해 시뮬레이션을 시도하였다. 그 결과 본 연구는 기존연구들이 제안한 연구결과와는 달리 사회적 비용의 증가가 산림자원의 적정수확기간에 미치는 영향이 매우 미약하다는 사실을 발견하였다.

• 에너지공학
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.73-82
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• 2007

세계 에너지 수요는 개발도상국을 중심으로 하여 폭발적으로 증가하고 있는 반면 땅 속에 매장되어 있는 화석연료는 점점 줄어들고 있고 화석연료의 사용으로 발생되는 지구 환경오염도 해결해야 할 중요한 과제이다. 이 시점에서 화석연료의 활용도를 높이고 환경친화적인 연료로의 개발이 매우 필요가 있다. 최근 이러한 문제를 해결할 수 있는 연료로서 제시되고 있는 DME 연료에 대하여 국내?외 기술개발, 보급 및 시장현황을 소개하고자 한다.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.113-120
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• 2013

A steam reformer is a chemical reactor to produce high purity hydrogen from fossil fuel. In the steam reformer, since endothermic steam reforming is heated by exothermic combustion of fossil fuel, the heat transfer between two reaction zones dominates conversion of fossil fuel to hydrogen. Steam Reforming is complex chemical reaction, mass and heat transfer due to the exothermic methane/air combustion reaction and the endothermic steam reforming reaction. Typically, a steam reformer employs burner to supply appropriate heat for endothermic steam reforming reaction which reduces system efficiency. In this study, the heat of steam reforming reaction is provided by anode-off gas combustion of stationary fuel cell. This paper presents a optimization of heat transfer effect and average temperature of cross-section using two-dimensional models of a coaxial cylindrical reactor, and analysis three-dimensional models of a coaxial cylindrical steam reformer with chemical reaction. Numerical analysis needs to dominant chemical reaction that are assumed as a Steam Reforming (SR) reaction, a Water-Gas Shift (WGS) reaction, and a Direct Steam Reforming(DSR) reaction. The major parameters of analysis are temperature, fuel conversion and heat flux in the coaxial reactor.

• 공업화학
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.675-680
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• 2009

SM탄(인도네시아산)을 이용하여 NOx 배출 특성을 조사하였다. 실험은 석탄 거치 후 승온하며 연소하는 방법과 승온 후 석탄을 주입하는 방법을 이용하였다. 산소희박 분위기에서는 배출 NOx가 연소온도와 반비례의 관계를 나타내었으며 이는 fuel N이 강한 환원 분위기에서 $N_{2}$로 전화되기 때문인 것으로 나타났다. 또한 주입 가스량 증가 시에는 산화 분위기에 의해 fuel N이 NO로 산화되어 total fuel NO가 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 제조 온도에 따른 char의 연소시 발생되는 NO의 분석으로 total fuel N, volatile-N, char-N이 각각 NO로 전화되는 부분으로 구분될 수 있었으며 실험결과 본 연구에 사용된 SM탄은 total NOx의 대부분이 volatile-N에 기인하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제61권4호
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• pp.522-533
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• 2012

This paper presents an adaptive strategy of GENCOs for reducing the greenhouse gas by fuel mix change. Fuel mix stands for generation capacity portfolio composed of different fuel resources. Currently, the generation sector of power industry in Korea is heavily dependent on fossil fuels, therefore it is required to change the fuel mix gradually into more eco-friendly way based on renewable energies. The generation costs of renewable energies are still expensive compared to fossil fueled resources. This is why the adaptive change is more preferred at current stage and this paper proposes an optimal strategy for capacity planning based on multiple environmental scenarios on the time horizon. This study used the computer program tool named GATE-PRO (Generation And Transmission Expansion PROgram), which is a mixed-integer non-linear program developed by Hongik university and Korea Energy Economics Institute. The simulations have been carried out with the priority allocation method in the program to determine the optimal mix of NRE(New Renewable Energy). Through this process, the result proposes an economic fuel mix under emission constraints compatible with the greenhouse gas mitigation policy of the United Nations.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제62권12호
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• pp.1792-1797
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• 2013

Recently, due to the excessive use of fossil fuels, many studies about the fossil fuels such as solar and fuel cell energy source are progressing. Fuel cell system has high energy conversion efficiency. Also, fuel cell system is environmentally friendly system because the carbon emission is almost not occur. Therefore, the fuel cell system is considered as the core technology of in the fields of the future energy and environmental. Fuel cell system has an effect on distribution power system because another power source of other than large power plants. So, fuel cell system can be reason of power quality in the power system. In this paper, we constructed the system for an assessment on Islanding. The system is composed with power source, Impedance coordination load and linear load, fuel cell system. we are performed assessment on voltage and power quality in customer and the distributed power system during the Islanding of residential fuel cell system. In addition, no change in the impedance of power system, we made a islanding condition only using the actual load, As a variation of generation and load current under islanding, an analysis results based on assessment system showed that the power qualities of distribution system became more aggravation as effect of voltage sag and voltage swell phenomena.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.78-87
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• 2010

Biodiesel have been studied as alternative fuel due to solution of air pollution and fossil fuel exhaustion. Biodiesel from animal fat and vegetable oil was known as eco-friendly fuel like low toxicity, biodegradable compare to petrodiesel. In particular, biodiesel have excellent lubricity due to involved ester functional group. This paper shows the biodiesel's lubricity based on worldwide biodiesel research.

• 대한조선학회 특별논문집
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• 대한조선학회 2008년도 특별논문집
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• pp.126-132
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• 2008

Cutting procedures whose qualifies are determined by various variables largely influences shipbuilding productivity. Particularly, defects in cutting shapes and cutting surface results in delay of the post shipbuilding stages such as welding and assemblage process. Because cutting procedures are influenced by various numbers of requirements according to the plate thickness, cutting precision can be maintained when the cutting conditions are appropriate. Existing cutting procedures utilize fossil fuels such as propane or ethylene as the main fuel component. Especially, when fossil fuel is applied to thick plate cutting, this process gives relatively slow cutting speed and generates large quantities of harmful polluting fumes. Recently, hydrogen-oxygen mixed gas generated by electrically dissociating water into Hydrogen and oxygen components is welcomed as an alternative fuel source. Also recent results report that alternative cutting fuel improves the cutting Dualities and speed. This paper presents that cutting characteristics and optimum cutting condition of hydrogen-oxygen mixed gas.

• 신재생에너지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.17-28
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• 2011

Biogas production and utilization are an emerging alternative energy technology. Biogas is produced from the biological breakdown of organic matter through anaerobic digestion. Biogas can be utilized for various energy sectors such as space heating, electricity generation and vehicle fuel. Especially, to be utilized as vehicle fuel, raw biogas needs to be upgraded that is mainly the removal of carbon dioxide to increase the methane content up to more than 95 ~ 97 vol% in some cases, similar to the composition of fossil-based natural gas. Usage of Biogas as a fuel of vehicles have an effect of reducing $CO_2$ emission compared to fossil fuels. Biomethane which is produced by upgrading of biogas is regarded as a good alternative energy and usage of clean energy is encouraged to deal with air pollution and waste management as well as production of clean energy. Recently, biogas projects for vehicle fuel are newly being launched and Korea government have also announced a plan for investment to develop biogas as a transport fuel. In this study, it is aimed to examine the potential feasibility of biomethane as a transport fuel. As a results, the status of biomethane, quality standard, quality characteristics, and upgrading technology of biogas were investigated to evaluate of biogas as a vehicle fuel of transportation.