• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.51-62
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• 2007

Recently microcontrollers are being used in sensor networks to handle sophisticated control and monitoring activities. As applications become more sophisticated, their design and development processes become more complex which consequently necessitates the use of an operating system to manage the complexity and provide an abstraction for portability of code. This paper presents a Low-power real-time operating system, called UbiFOS-USN, designed for sensor networks. We present some of the features that make UbiFOS-USN appropriate especially for small, low-cost microcontrollers typically found in sensor networks. Through experimental results, we show that UbiFOS-USN is quite efficient for a sensor network, both in terms of system performance and memory requirement.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.367-373
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• 2013

Contribution of the vestibular end organ to regulation of arterial pressure was quantitatively compared with the role of baroreceptors in terms of baroreflex sensitivity and c-Fos protein expression in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). Baroreflex sensitivity and c-Fos protein expression in the RVLM were measured in conscious rats that had undergone bilateral labyrinthectomy (BL) and/or baroreceptor unloading. BL attenuated baroreflex sensitivity during intravenous infusion of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), but did not significantly affect the sensitivity following infusion of phenylephrine (PE). Baroreflex sensitivity became positive following sinoaortic denervation (SAD) during infusion of PE and attenuated sensitivity during infusion of SNP. Baroreflex sensitivity also became positive following double ablation (BL+SAD) during infusion of PE, and attenuated sensitivity during infusion of SNP. c-Fos protein expression increased significantly in the RVLM in the sham group after SNP administration. However, the BL, SAD, and SAD+BL groups showed significant decreases in c-Fos protein expression compared with that in the sham group. The SAD group showed more reduced c-Fos protein expression than that in the BL group, and the SAD+BL group showed less expression than that in the SAD group. These results suggest that the vestibular system cooperates with baroreceptors to maintain arterial pressure during hypotension but that baroreceptors regulate arterial pressure during both hypotension and hypertension. Additionally, afferent signals for maintaining blood pressure from the vestibular end organs and the baroreceptors may be integrated in the RVLM.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.17-28
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• 1998

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of different stimulation-duration of high frequency electroacupuncturet(EA) treatment on the neuronal activities in the spinal cord and brainstem using Fos immunohistochemical technique. Three different stimulus-duration was used in this experiment : 30minutes, 1 hour and 2 hours. The summerized results were summerized as follow : 1. The number of Fos expression was significantly increased in the spinal cord dorsal horn depending upon the increase of stimulus-duration (P<0.05). Otherwise, there was no significant difference between 30 minutes EA treated group and anesthetic control. 2. High frequency EA biphasic stimulation significantly enhanced the Fos expression in the DR, middle and rostral portion of PAG LD, and caudal PAG LV after 1 hour and 2 hours treatment. The number of Fos immunoreactive neuron in the brainstem was increased accorcting to the length of stimulus-duration. Those results indicate that at least 1 hour EA treatment was necessary to increase the neuronal activities in the spinal cord and brainstem. Those basic data from this study can be applied to establish the effective treatment of EA for pain control in the clinical field.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.473-481
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• 2004

Objective : In this study old BCAO rats were observed for effects of 'Dea-Hwang' on brain ischema injury, because risk of stroke increases with age. Method : The brain ischema injury was induced by temporarily closing carotids on both sides in a low blood pressuer state and Dea-Hwang was administered orally to 18 month-old BCAO rats. Results and Conclusions : The ischemically damaged Hippocampus and c-fos and c-jun expression were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining and results are summarized as follows: 1. The c-fos expression after inducing a brain ischema injury in the hippocampus was more inhibited in the dosed group than in the control group. 2. The normalized optical density of c-fos expression was more reduced in the CA1, CA2, and DG areas of the dosed group than in those of the control group. 3. The c-jun expression after inducing brain ischema injury in the hippocampus was more inhibited in the dosed group than in the control group. 4. The normalized optical density of c-jun expression was more reduced in the CAI area of the dosed group than in that of the control group.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.313-325
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• 2020

Slope displacement and factor of safety (FOS) of a slope are two aspects that reflect the stability of a slope. However, the traditional limit equilibrium (LE) methods only give the result of the slope FOS and cannot be used to solve for the slope displacement. Therefore, developing a LE method to obtain the results of the slope FOS and slope displacement has significance for engineering applications. Based on a force-displacement coupled mode, this work expands the LE Morgenstern-Price (M-P) method. Except for the mechanical equilibrium conditions of a sliding body adopted in the traditional M-P method, the present method introduces a nonlinear model of the shear stress and shear displacement. Moreover, the energy equation satisfied by a sliding body under a small slope displacement is also applied. Therefore, the double solutions of the slope FOS and horizontal slope displacement are established. Furthermore, the flow chart for the expanded LE M-P method is given. By comparisons and analyses of slope examples, the present method has close results with previous research and numerical simulation methods, thus verifying the feasibility of the present method. Thereafter, from the parametric analysis, the following conclusions are obtained: (1) the shear displacement parameters of the soil affect the horizontal slope displacement but have little effect on the slope FOS; and (2) the curves of the horizontal slope displacement vs. the minimum slope FOS could be fitted by a hyperbolic model, which would be beneficial to obtain the horizontal slope displacement for the slope in the critical state.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.39-46
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• 2011

Objectives : The BangPungTongSungSan(BPTSS) has been used as a therapeutic agent for cerebrovascular disease, cerebral hemorrhage, hypertension, diabetes and obesity in oriental medicine. The present study designed to investigate the effect of BPTSS on behavioral change and neuronal activation induced by acute methamphetamine(METH, 2 mg/kg, i.p.) in C57BL/6 mice. Methods : Mice received the oral administration of BPTTS(25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) 1 h prior to saline or METH administration. Locomotor activity was measured for 90 min using videotractking method and c-Fos expression, as marker of neuronal activation, was identified in a separate groups of mice by immunohistochemistry. Results and conclusions : Methamphetamine injection significantly increased locomotor activity and c-Fos expression in the nucleus accumbens and striatum. Interestingly, BPTTS(100 mg/kg) significantly suppressed locomotor activity and c-Fos expression in the nucleus accumbens and striatum by acute exposure to METH. These results suggest that BangPungTongSungSan may be effective in suppressing the reinforcing effect of methamphetamine by modulation neuronal activity.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.125-142
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• 2011

Objectives : Peripheral nerve injuries are commonly encountered clinical problems and often result in severe functional deficits. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of Haein-tang(Hairen-tang) extract on functional recovery and pain release in the sciatic nerve after crushed sciatic nerve injury in rats. Methods : 1. Sciatic functional index(SFI) were performed on functional recovery. 2. c-Fos immunohistochemistry were performed on c-Fos expressions in the paraventricular nucleus(PVN) and ventrolateral periaqueductal gray(vIPAG). 3. Neurofilament immunohistochemistry were performed on neurofilament regeneration. 4. Western blot were performed on brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) and nerve growth factor(NGF) expression. Results : 1. Haein-tang(Hairen-tang) extract significantly enhanced the SFI value in the sciatic nerve injury and 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg Haein-tang(Hairen-tang)-treated group. 2. Haein-tang(Hairen-tang) extract significantly suppressed the sciatic nerve injury-induced increment of c-Fos expressions in the PVN and vIPAG in the sciatic nerve injury and 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg Haein-tang(Hairen-tang)-treated group. 3. Haein-tang(Hairen-tang) extract significantly increased neurofilament expression in the sciatic nerve injury and 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg Haein-tang(Hairen-tang)-treated group. 4. Haein-tang(Hairen-tang) extract significantly controled the sciatic nerve injury-induced increment of BDNF and NGF expressions in the sciatic nerve injury and 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg Haein-tang(Hairen-tang)-treated group. Conclusions : These results suggest that Haein-tang(Hairen-tang) treatment after sciatic nerve injury is effective for the functional recovery by enhancing of axonal regeneration and suppressing of pain.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.65-76
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• 2010

1. Objectives The present study was designed to investigate the effect of Soyangin Hyeongbangdojeok-san(HBDJS) on acute cocaine-induced behavior effect and gene expression in the rat brain. 2. Methods Experimental animals were composed of saline(SAL), cocaine(COC), HBDJS + COC, HBDJS + SAL group. Rats received HBDJS(100, 200 mg/kg, p.o.) 1 h prior to cocaine hydrochloride(20 mg/kg, i.p.) treatment respectively. After cocaine injection, locomotor activity and rearing were measured in a rectangular container equipped with a video camera above the center of the floor for 60 min. In addiction, c-Fos expression in the rat brain was detected using immunohistochemistry 2 h after cocaine injection. And the effect of HBDJS on acute cocaine-induced pERK, pElk, pCREB upstream of c-Fos expression was detected using western blotting and immunohistochemistry 15 min after cocaine challenge. 3. Results The present results show that HBDJS at dose of 200 mg/kg attenuated cocaine-induced both locomotor activity and rearing. Also HBDJS at dose of 200 mg/kg significantly decreased c-Fos expression in the rat brain(nucleus accumebns and striatum). However HBDJS at dose of 200 mg/kg have no effect on cocaine-induced pERK, pCREB, pElK-1 expression. HBDJS is c-Fos expression through ERK-independent pathway. 4. Conclusions. These results suggest that HBDJS may be effective in suppressing the reinforcing effects of cocaine.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2017

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of taping therapy on recovery of behavioral symptoms and neural excitability of the lumbar spinal cord in rat model for ankle sprain. Methods : Adult Sprague-Dawley rats was used and divided into 3 experimental groups: normal group(n=6), ankle sprain(n=6), and ankle sprain with taping treatment(n=6). In order to induce ankle sprain the right ankle joint was injured with 4~5 repetitive over-flexions and over-extensions manually. The severity of joint pain was evaluated by measuring foot weight bearing force ratio(FWBRF) of the hind limb and the injury-induced edema formation by diameter of the joint following ankle sprain. The changes of neural excitability in the lumbar spinal cord was tested by observation of cFos protein expression, a metabolic marker for neural excitation. Results : Severity of ankle injury induced in this experiment coincided with Grade 1 ankle sprain. Compared with ankle sprain group, ankle sprain＋taping showed a significant reductions of joint pain as well as of edema formation at the ankle joint following ankle sprain. There was significant upregulation of cFos-immunoreactive neurons in the lumbar spinal cord 24 hours after ankle sprain. In contrast, taping therapy resulted in significant inhibition of cFos-immunoreactive neurons in the lumbar spinal cord. Conclusions : Collectively, these results suggest that taping therapy may be an alternative therapeutic intervention for symptom recovery of the mild ankle sprain.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.29 no.10A
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• pp.1200-1204
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• 2004

Fiber-optic sensor (FOS) using bending-sensitive fiber (BSF which detects physical variables according to the variation of fiber-bending is proposed. BSF is already used in variable optical attenuator. Three-dimensional finite difference beam propagation method (3D FD-BPM) is used to investigate the bending loss of BSF. Then, the results of bending experiment with FOS consisting of BSF is compared to numerical results of 3D FD-BPM. In particular, the optical power of fabricated FOS with BSF varies from -ldB to -2OdB when pressure given to the upper side of FOS changes from 0 MPa to 0.005 MPa, while the FOS consists of SMF shows no change of optical power at the same condition.