• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.349-357
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• 2017

The design of reinforced concrete structures strongly depends on the value of the compression concrete strength used for the structural components. Given the uncertainties involved on the materials quality provided by concrete manufacturers, in the construction stage, these components may be either over or under-reinforced respect to the nominal condition. If the structure is under reinforced, and the deficit on safety level is not as large to require the structure demolition, someone should assume the consequences, and pay for the under standard condition by means of a penalty. If the structure is over reinforced, and other failure modes are not induced, the builder may receive a bonus, as a consequence of the higher, although unrequested, building resistance. The change on the building safety level is even more critical when the structure is under a seismic environment. In this research, a reliability-based criteria, including the consideration of expected losses, is proposed for bonification/penalization, when there are moderated differences between the supplied and specified reinforced concrete strength for the buildings. The formulation is applied to two hypothetical, with regular structural type, 3 and 10 levels reinforced concrete buildings, located on the soft soil zone of Mexico City. They were designed under the current Mexican code regulations, and their responses for typical spectral pseudoaccelerations, combined with their respective occurrence probabilities, are used to calculate the building failure probability. The results are aimed at providing objective basis to start a negotiation towards a satisfactory agreement between the involved parts. The main contribution resides on the explicit consideration of potential losses, including the building and contents losses and the business interruption due to the reconstruction period.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.236-242
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• 2020

In this paper, we present the improvement in low moisturizing ability and stability that existing skin softeners have due to the low oil content, by developing skin softener using nanoemulsion of phospholipid liposome, based on the properties of nanoemulsion in cosmetic formulation. In this study, two types of oil; dimethicone (DC 200/6cs) or medium chain triglyceride (MCT), and two kinds of lecithin; unsaturated or saturated were respectively applied to produce nanoemulsion. In the particle size analysis of nanoemulsion, the droplet size of nanoemulsion containing DC200/6cs and unsaturated lecithin was the smallest, and all nanoemulsion showed high stability in the measurement of zeta potential. Therefore, with the smallest particle size and high stability, moisture contents and trans epidermal water loss(TEWL) were measured using the skin softener of DC200/6cs and unsaturated lecithin contained nanoemulsion, and the measurement was compared with the non-oil skin softener and the skin softener with only small amount of oil. The results showed that the moisture content of the skin softener using nanoemulsion increased greatly than other two skin softeners, showing high hydration ability and water retention capacity, and TEWL decreased greatly, therefore preventing the evaporation of moisture from the skin. As a result, the oil content and stability of the skin softener was improved by utilizing nanoemulson based of phospholipid liposome, and it is expected to be used in various ways in cosmetic industry.

• 대한조선학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.1-12
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• 1990

선미후류에 포함된 보오텍스 시스템과 프로펠러와의 상호작용을 이론적으로 해석하여 유효반류를 계산하는 방법을 제안하였다. 선미주위의 복잡한 유동을 Poincare의 방정식을 사용하여 수학적으로 표시하였고 임의의 점에서의 교란속도를 물체 표면에 분포되어 있는 쏘오스 및 보오텍스에 의한 유기속도의 표면적분과 유체중 위치하는 쏘오스 및 보오텍스에 의한 유기속도의 체적적분의 함으로 표시하였다. 이 식으로부터 유효속도(effective velocity)를 유체중 보오텍스에 의한 유기속도의 체적적분으로 정의하였다. 유체중의 보오텍스의 위치와 세기는 불균일한 호칭속도(nominal velocity)분포에 포함되어 있는 보오텍스로부터 프로펠러가 작동할 때의 유선변화를 고려하여 보오텍스 운동역학(vortex dynamics)을 만족하도록 결정된다. 이론을 검증하기 위한 계산예로써 축대칭 전단류(shear flow)중 원판형 추진장치가 작동할 때 프로펠러에 의한 유선변화 모형을 변화시켜 유효속도를 계산하였고 양력판 이론에 의한 값과 비교하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.231-238
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• 2015

An experiment was conducted to increase the quality of rice bran by fermentation using Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and humic substances and its utilization as a feed ingredient for broiler chickens. The experiment was carried out in two steps. First, the fermentation process was done using a completely randomized design in factorial with 16 treatments: i) Dosage of B.amyloliquefaciens ($2.10^8cfu/g$), 10 and 20 g/kg; ii) Graded levels of humic substances, 0, 100, 200, and 400 ppm; iii) Length of fermentation, three and five days. The results showed that the fermentation significantly (p<0.05) reduced crude fiber content. The recommended conditions for fermentation of rice bran: 20 g/kg dosage of inoculums B. amyloliquefaciens, 100 ppm level of humic substances and three days fermentation period. The second step was a feeding trial to evaluate the fermented rice bran (FRB) as a feed ingredient for broiler chickens. Three hundred and seventy-five one-day-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned into five treatment diets. Arrangement of the diets as follows: 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% level of FRB and the diets formulation based on equal amounts of energy and protein. The results showed that 15% inclusion of FRB in the diet provided the best bodyweight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) values. In conclusion, the nutrient content of rice bran improved after fermentation and the utilization of FRB as a feed ingredient for broiler chickens could be included up to 15% of the broiler diet.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.1175-1181
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• 2014

This study was conducted to develop for the elderly food that is safe, well-shaped, and easy to chew and swallow, using gelification. Gelatin, which has low adhesiveness, thereby lowering the possibility of being swallowed wrongly into the respiratory track, was used as a viscosity agent for the gelification. Water and gelatin amounts were adjusted to facilitate breaking the food with the tongue. Various foods for the elderly with chewing and swallowing difficulties were used for sensory assessment. Sensory panel consisted of 10 dietitians (10 women) in nursing care facilities. The sensory optimal composite recipes were determined by central composite design (CCD). The sensory measurements were significantly different in appearance (p<0.05), saltiness (p<0.05), sweetness (p<0.01), and overall quality (p<0.05). The optimum formulation of the Korean barbecue beef calculated by numerical and graphical method was 3.71 g of sugar and 19.53 g of soy sauce. Moisture content, hardness and adhesiveness of the Korean barbecue beef were 78.85%, 2.40, -1.87, respectively. The result shows that food for the elderly, which is easy to chew and swallow, using gelification will have sufficient competitiveness in terms of safety, taste, and preference. The development of food for the elderly that take into account the difficulties in chewing and swallowing among the elderly, reflects their preference, and has sufficient nutrients, is important to enable the elderly to enjoy their meals. Also, as the Korean society is getting older, it remains one of the biggest social challenges.

• 조형예술학연구
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• 제3권
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• pp.225-247
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• 2001

The analysis of art work that is objective and theoretical needs the help of the cognitive psychology, for the pictorial semiotics requires psychology. The first step to the analysis of art work is about the visual elements and their relations. But the semiotics is lack of the method of the analysis of art work and the some authors don't have treated or been interested in psychological analysis. The main problem of visual semiotics is the density of pictorial representation. It makes the semantic of art work impossible at the very early process of analysis. But the density is not only a matter of visual representation, verbal language also has this problem. The point is that art work functions more art than denotation, but verbal language does more denotation than art. This difference makes difficult to apply the method of language or semiotics to visual art. The possibility of pictorial syntax or perceptual semantics should begin considering the unification of perception and semantics. In principles these two field can be unified. At atomism and holism these are parallel. Therefore perceptual semantics is possible The cognitive psychology can help to formulation of perceptual semantics. At first, the visual representation is incremental and it can be divided at three steps. In these steps each sensation, perception and cognition level has their own role. Perceptual representation of art work should be specified at these three levels. And each of these levels, the special properties of art work should be drawn and examined in the possibility of semiotics. The investigation of psychological levels and semiotic level should be circulated. It will help to formulate the method of analysis of art work.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.51-53
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• 2003

This study was conducted to compare the bioavailability of a generic product of Sinil Atenolol Tablets (Sinil Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Korea) with the innovator product, $Tenormin^{\circledR}$ Tablets in 20 healthy Korean volunteers. The volunteers received a single 50 mg dose of each atenolol formulation according to a randomized, two-way crossover design. Plasma samples were obtained over a 24-hour interval, and atenolol concentrations were determined by HPLC with a fluorescence detector. From the plasma atenolol concentration vs time curves, the following parameters were compared: area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), peak plasma concentration $(C_{max})$, time to reach peak plasma concentration $(T_{max})$, and terminal first order elimination half-life $(t_{1/2})$. No statistically significant difference was obtained between the $T_{max}$ values, and the logarithmic transformed AUC and $C_{max}$ values of the two products. The 90% confidence for the ratio of the logarithmically transformed AUC and $C_{max}$ values of Sinil Atenolol Tablets over those of $Tenormin^{\circledR}$ Tablets were calculated to be between 0.99 and 1.07, and 1.04 and 1.16, respectively; both were within the bioequivalence limit of 0.80-1.25. The mean of $T_{max}$ in $Tenormin^{\circledR}$ Tablet group was 3.68 hour, and that in Sinil Atenolol Tablet group was 3.65 hour. The values of $t_{1/2}$ between the two products were found comparable, and the mean $t_{1/2}$ values of $Tenormin^{\circledR}$ Tablets and Sinil Atenolol Tablets were 5.9 and 6.0 hour, respectively. Based on these results, it was concluded that Sinil Atenolol Tablets were comparable to $Tenormin^{\circledR}$ Tablets in both the rate and extent of absorption, indicating that Sinil Atenolol Tablets were bioequivalent to the reference product, $Tenormin^{\circledR}$ Tablets

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.21-28
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• 2003

Ketorolac tromethamine(KT) is a nonsteroidal agent with potent analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory activity. The lipid-water partition coefficient of KT was evaluated and KT gel was formulated as a gel containing different pH, different concentrations of polymer (poloxamer 407, carbopol 941), propylene glycol, ethanol and various enhancers. The resulting KT gels were evaluated with respect to their viscosity, in vitro drug permeation rate through hairless mouse skin and stability. In n-octanol and chloroform, the lipid-water partition coefficient of KT was the highest at pH 4 phosphate buffer. The apparent viscosity of KT gel increased with an increase in gel pH, polymer and enhancer concentration. But the apparent viscosity of KT gel decreased with an increase in ethanol concentration. The permeation rate of KT through hairless mouse skin from gels different pH was maximum at pH 4 which is close to KT $pK_{a}$ 3.54. The permeation rate decreased with an increase in polymer, propylene glycol concentration. But the permeation rate increased with an increase in ethanol. The increase of drug concentration from 1 to 3% induced linear increase in permeation rate. The best enhancer was the combination of $Labrasol^{\circledR},\;Transcutol^{\circledR}$, oleic acid and l-menthol. In the accelerated stability test(25, 40 and $50{\circ}C$), pH 5 gel was most stable and pH 4 gel was most unstable for 90 days.

• 한국도로학회논문집
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.139-152
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• 2006

Many experimental and numerical approaches have been developed to evaluate paving materials and to predict pavement response and distress. Micromechanical simulation modeling is a technology that can reduce the number of physical tests required in material formulation and design and that can provide more details, e.g., the internal stress and strain state, and energy evolution and dissipation in simulated specimens with realistic microstructural features. A clustered distinct element modeling (DEM) approach was implemented In the two-dimensional particle flow software package (PFC-2D) to study the complex behavior observed in asphalt mixture fracturing. The relationship between continuous and discontinuous material properties was defined based on the potential energy approach. The theoretical relationship was validated with the uniform axial compression and cantilever beam model using two-dimensional plane strain and plane stress models. A bilinear cohesive displacement-softening model was implemented as an intrinsic interface and applied for both homogeneous and heterogeneous fracture modeling in order to simulate behavior in the fracture process zone and to simulate crack propagation. A disk-shaped compact tension test (DC(T)) with heterogeneous microstructure was simulated and compared with the experimental fracture test results to study Mode I fracture. The realistic arbitrary crack propagation including crack deflection, microcracking, crack face sliding, crack branching, and crack tip blunting could be represented in the fracture models. This micromechanical modeling approach represents the early developmental stages towards a 'virtual asphalt laboratory,' where simulations of laboratory tests and eventually field response and distress predictions can be made to enhance our understanding of pavement distress mechanisms, such its thermal fracture, reflective cracking, and fatigue crack growth.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.161-169
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• 2009

한 노드에서 다수의 노드로 데이터를 전달하는 one-hop 통신에 사용되는 매체접속제어(MAC)는 멀티캐스트 기반의 데이터 통신을 사용하는 것이 매우 효율적이다. 유니캐스트와 달리 멀티캐스트에서는 모든 노드들과의 통신에서 우수한 품질을 얻기 위해서는 여러 노드들과의 서로 다른 무선 채널환경과 노드 이동성에 따른 무전 채널환경 변화에 대응할 수 있어야 한다. 하지만, IEEE 802.11에서는 다수개의 노드들과 RTS, CTS, ACK을 교환하는 방법이 정의되어 있지 않아서 신뢰성 있는 멀티캐스트를 지원하지 않고 있다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해서 몇 가지 MAC 계층 프로토콜들이 제안되었다. 하지만, 신뢰성 있는 멀티 캐스트를 구현하기 위해서는 추가적인 오버헤드가 필요하며, 이 오버헤드로 인해서 시스템 성능이 저하하게 된다. 본 논문에서는 OFDMA 시스템에서 신뢰성 있는 멀티 캐스트를 구현하기 위해 필요한 오버헤드를 줄이기 위하여 계층통합적 (cross-layer) 설계기법을 제안한다. 제안된 오버헤드와 시스템 성능간의 관계를 분석하는 방법도 제안한다.