• Title/Summary/Keyword: forming elements

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Design of Beam-forming Reader Antenna for Train Position Detection using RFID (RFID 시스템 이용한 열차 위치검지용 빔폭 가변형 RFID 리더안테나)

  • Ahn, Chi-Hyung;Cho, Bong-Kwan;Ryu, Sang-Hwan;Oh, Soon-Soo
    • Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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    • v.18 no.2
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    • pp.105-110
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    • 2015
  • This paper presents a $4{\times}1$ beam-forming reader antenna system for a new type of RFID based train position detection technology. The required beamwidth of the reader antenna is analytically expressed for different train speeds. The proposed antenna system consists of four rectangular patch elements and two switching couplers which are designed, without any impedance matching networks, for two different antenna modes. The switching coupler is a rectangular quadrature coupler with Pin diodes connecting its center line and the ground plane. The beamwidth of the antenna when the diodes are off and on is $18^{\circ}$ and $39^{\circ}$, respectively. The proposed antenna system will be used for a real train test in the near future.

Development of Planar Active Phased Array Antenna for Detecting and Tracking Radar (화포탐지 레이다용 C-대역 평면형 능동위상배열 안테나 개발)

  • Kim, Ki-Ho;Kim, Hyun;Kim, Dong-Yoon;Jin, Hyung-Suk
    • The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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    • v.29 no.12
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    • pp.924-934
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    • 2018
  • This paper describes the development and measurement results of C-band planar active phase array antenna for detecting and tracking radar(weapon-locating radar). The antenna is designed with 14 sub-arrays(12 main channels and 2 sidelobe blanking channels and approximately 3,000 elements of transmit-receive channel) to generate transmit and digital receive patterns. Using a near-field measurements facility, G/N, transmit patterns, and received patterns are measured. Receive patterns are implemented with digital beamforming by signal processing. The measurement results demonstrate that antenna design specifications were fulfilled.

Research Trends on Interface-type Resistive Switching Characteristics in Transition Metal Oxide (전이 금속 산화물 기반 Interface-type 저항 변화 특성 향상 연구 동향)

  • Dong-eun Kim;Geonwoo Kim;Hyung Nam Kim;Hyung-Ho Park
    • Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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    • v.30 no.4
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    • pp.32-43
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    • 2023
  • Resistive Random Access Memory (RRAM), based on resistive switching characteristics, is emerging as a next-generation memory device capable of efficiently processing large amounts of data through its fast operation speed, simple device structure, and high-density implementation. Interface type resistive switching offer the advantage of low operation currents without the need for a forming process. Especially, for RRAM devices based on transition metal oxides, various studies are underway to enhance the memory characteristics, including precise material composition control and improving the reliability and stability of the device. In this paper, we introduce various methods, such as doping of heterogeneous elements, formation of multilayer films, chemical composition adjustment, and surface treatment to prevent degradation of interface type resistive switching properties and enhance the device characteristics. Through these approaches, we propose the feasibility of implementing high-efficient next-generation non-volatile memory devices based on improved resistive switching properties.

Study on the Ion Exchange Mechanism of Rare Earth Elements in Several Elution Types (I) (희토류원소의 여러가지 용리형태의 이온교환 메카니즘에 관한 연구 (제 1 보))

  • Ki-Won Cha;Sung-Wook Hong
    • Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • v.33 no.2
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    • pp.232-237
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    • 1989
  • The elution mechanism of rare earth elements in cation exchange resin which was substituted with $NH_4^+,\;Zn^{2+}\;or\;Al^{3+}$ as a retaining ion had been investigated. Rare earths or rare earths-EDTA complex solution was loaded on the top of resin bed and eluted with 0.0269M EDTA solution. When the rare earth-EDTA complex was adsorbed on the $Zn^{2+}\;or\;Al^{3+}$ resin form, retaining ion was complexed with EDTA and liberated rare earths was adsorbed in the resin again. Adsorbed rare earths in resin phase could be eluted by the complexation reaction with EDTA eluent. On $NH_4^+$ resin form, the rare earth-EDTA complex which had negative charge could not adsorbed on the cation exchange resin because the complexation reaction between $NH_4^+$ and EDTA was impossible. So the elution time was much shorter than in $Zn^{2+}\;or\;Al^{3+}$ resin form. When the rare earths solution was loaded on the $Zn^{2+},\;Al^{3+}$ resin form bed, rare earths was adsorbed in the resin and the retaining ion was liberated. Adsorbed rare earths in resin bed was exchanged by EDTA eluent forming rare earths-EDTA complex, and eluted through these processes. On $NH_4^+$ resin form, rare earths loaded was adsorbed by exchange reaction with $NH_4^+$. As the EDTA eluent was added, rare earths was liberated from resin forming negatively charged rare earth-EDTA complex and eluted without any exchange reaction. So the elution time was greatly shortened and there was no metallic ion except rare earths in effluent. When the $Zn^{2+}\;and\;Al^{3+}$ was used as retaining ion, the pH of efflent was decreased seriousely because the $H^+$ liberated from EDTA molecule.

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A Classification of Korean Traditional Materials Focused on Visual Texture (시각적 질감을 중심으로 한 한국 전통소재의 체계적 분류)

  • 박영순;김영인;이현주;신인호;최선미;최희승
    • Archives of design research
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    • v.14 no.2
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    • pp.197-207
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    • 2001
  • A designed object reveals its meaning and image through form, color and material. Among these three elements, material has more powerful influence with its tactile and visual characteristics. In Korea, traditionally materials itself were mainly used to design artifacts rather than various color or formal decoration. The purpose of this study is to investigate the Korean traditional materials, and to classify them by the characteristics of their texture. For this study, the pictures of Korean traditional artifacts were collected from the national museums and literature. Those are architectural and interior elements, furniture, cloths and textiles, arts and crafts. Total of 533 collected artifacts were classified into seven categories, metal, day, stone, paper, wood, straw, fabric things. : 59 metal things, 115 clay things, 62 stone things, 73 paper things, 80 wood things, 47 straw things, 97 fabric things. Each materials were classified into its forming methods and surface treatment focused on the he characteristics of their surface texture. Throughout this study, the uniqueness of forming method and surface treatment of each materials in Korea has been clarified. And furthermore the classification by this various traditional methods of materials will provide plentiful information and ideas to today's designers of the world.

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The Effect of Solidification Rate on Solidification Behavior in IN792+Hf Superalloy (IN792+Hf 초내열합금의 응고거동에 미치는 응고속도의 영향)

  • Bae, Jae-Sik;Kim, Hyeon-Cheol;Lee, Jae-Hyeon;Yu, Yeong-Su;Jo, Chang-Yong
    • Korean Journal of Materials Research
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    • v.11 no.6
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    • pp.502-507
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    • 2001
  • The effect of solidification rate on the microstructure of directionally solidified IN792+ Hf superalloy has been studied. Solidification sequence and precipitation behavior of the alloy have been analysed by microstructural observation. The script carbide transformed to faceted carbide with decreasing solidification rates. The incorporation of ${\gamma}$ phase into the faceted carbide was due to dendritic growth of carbides. Some elongated carbide bars formed along the grain boundaries at a solidification rate of 0.5$\mu\textrm{m}$/s. Two zones, ${\gamma}$' forming elements enriched zone and depleted zone, were found in the residual liquid area. Eutectic ${\gamma}$/${\gamma}$' nucleated in the f forming elements enriched zone. Formation of eutectic ${\gamma}$/${\gamma}$' increased the ratio of (Ti+Hf+Ta+W)/Al and induced η phase precipitation. The ratio of (Ti+Hf+Ta+W)/Al decreased at lower solidification rates due to sufficient back diffusion in the residual liquid area. Hence, the Precipitation of the η Phase efficiently suppressed at the lower solidification rate.

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Hydrogeochemical Research on the Characteristic of Chemical Weathering in a Granitic Gatchment (水文化學的 資料를 통한 花崗岩質 流域의 化學的 風化特性에 關한 硏究)

  • Park, Soo-Jin
    • Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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    • v.28 no.1
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    • pp.1-15
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    • 1993
  • This research aims to investigate some respects of chemical weathering processes, espcially the amount of solute leaching, formation of clay minerals, and the chemical weathering rate of granite rocks under present climatic conditions. For this purpose, I investigated geochemical mass balance in a small catchment and the mineralogical composition of weathered bedrocks including clay mineral assemblages at four res-pective sites along one slope. The geochemical mass blance for major elements of rock forming minerals was calculated from precipitation and streamwater data which are measured every week for one year. The study area is a climatically and litholo-gically homogeneous small catchment($3.62Km^2$)in Anyang-shi, Kyounggi-do, Korea. The be-drock of this area id Anyang Granite which is composed of coarse-giained, pink-colored miner-als. Main rock forming minerals are quartz, K-Feldspar, albite, and muscovite. One of the chracteristics of this granite rock is that its amount of Ca and Mg is much lower than other granite rock. The leaching pattern in the weathering profiles is in close reltion to the geochemical mass balance. Therefore the removal or accumulation of dissolved materials shows weathering patterns of granite in the Korean peninsula. Oversupplied ions into the drainage basin were $H^+$, $K^+$, Fe, and Mn, whereas $Na^2+$, $Mg^2+$, $Ca^2+$, Si, Al and $HCO-3^{-}$ were removed from the basin by the stream. The consumption of hydrogen ion in the catchment implies the hydrolysis of minerals. The surplus of $K^+$ reflects that vegetation is in the aggravation stage, and the nutrient cycle of the forest in study area did not reach a stable state. And it can be also presumed that the accumulation of $K^+$ in the top soil is related to the surplus of $K^+$. Oversupplied Fe and Mn were presumed to accumulate in soil by forming metallic oxide and hydroxide. In the opposite, the removal of $Na^+$, Si, Al resulted from the chemical weathering of albite and biotite, and the amount of removal of $Na^+$, Si, Al reflected the weathering rate of the bedrock. But $Ca^2+$ and $Mg^2+$ in stream water were contaminated by the scattered calcareous structures over the surface. Kaolinite is a stable clay mineral under the present environment by the thermodynamical analysis of the hydrogeochemical data and Tardy's Re value. But this result was quite different from the real assemblage of clay miner-als in soil and weathered bedrock. This differ-ence can be explained by the microenvironment in the weathering profile and the seasonal variation of climatic factors. There are different clay forming environments in the stydy area and these differences originate from the seasonal variation of climate, especially the flushing rate in the weathering profile. As it can be known from the results of the analysis of thermodynamic stability and characteristics of geochemical mas balance, the climate during winter and fall, when it is characterized by the low flushing rate and high solute influx, shows the environmental characteristics to from 2:1 clay minerals, such as illite, smectite, vermiculite and mixed layer clay minerals which are formed by neoformation or transformation from the primary or secondary minerals. During the summer and spring periods, kaoli-nite is a stable forming mineral. However it should consider that the other clay minerals can transformed into kaolinite or other clay minerals, because these periods have a high flushing rte and temperature. Materials which are directly regulated by chemical weathering in the weathered bedrock are $Na^+$, Si, and Al. The leaching of Al is, however, highly restricted and used to form a clay mineral, and that of Si falls under the same category. $Na^+$ is not taked up by growing veget ation, and fixed in the weathering profile by forming secondary minerals. Therefore the budget of $Na^+$ is a good indicator for the chemical weathering rate in the study area. The amount of chemical weathering of granite rocks was about 31.31g/$m^2+$/year based on $Na^+$ estimation.

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Understanding about Novice Learner's Programming Conception by Prototype Theory

  • Kim, Dong-Man;Lee, Tae-Wuk
    • Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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    • v.25 no.3
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    • pp.251-260
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    • 2020
  • In this paper, we propose to understand the conceptual structure of programming elements that learners form during the prototyping theory. To do this, we reviewed previous studies on the meaning of conception and prototype theory and conducted a course of problem-solving programming for 33 university students who had no prior experience in programming, and collected transcription materials through conceptual metaphorical writing. The conclusions of this study are as follows: 1) Identifying the conceptual structure of learners as a conceptual metaphor can enhance the effectiveness of programming education. 2) Learners need to reinforce the experience of forming abstract attributes to form mature programming concepts. 3) The concept of programming differs in the structure of multi-level concepts that students, teachers, and professional programmers have in each group. 4) Programming elements should intentionally block misconception risks in the meaning of symbols. 5) Concept evaluation tools should be developed to check whether various attributes can be applied.

A Study on Planning Rural Landscape Based on the Layer Technique - Focusing on Anhyun Village in Gochang, Guwau Village in Taebaek and Mulgeon-ri in Namhae - (층위기법 관점의 농촌경관계획에 관한 연구 -고창 안현마을, 태백 구와우마을, 남해 물건리를 사례로-)

  • Park, Eun-Yeong
    • Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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    • v.14 no.4
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    • pp.11-19
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    • 2008
  • The layer technique is to produce many memorable scenes by generating layers of new experiences on the existing ones as it is adding the cognitive layers on to the visually seen landscape. Its need is high for places whose landscape itself influences perception, value or expression and which determines the spatial and quality standards. The existing floor plan-based design methods have failed to be useful in generating complex visual experiences. In order to maximize the aesthetical landscape experiences in landscape planning, cognitive layers are needed which complement the input of adequate cognitive elements and the inter-element relationships. Here, layers are utilized to change the arrangement of the landscape elements and coordinate the cognitive flow so that the images could be connected and imagination could occur. A case in point is Anhyun Village in Gochang where physically distinctive layers are additionally set to make a visual experience enriching. The new landscape layers discover the fact that it provides diversity in experiencing the village landscape and forming the sense of beauty and that it is deeply immersed into the daily life of the village. Meanwhile, Guwau Village in Taebaek is an example showing the usefulness of various-layer setting in landscape planning in setting effective circulation planning. That is, the bottom line is the spacing-starting where and making it stay where for a few seconds, and the visual layers. It is also critical to encourage inducing circulation so that layers of the senses stimulating five senses could intervene. Lastly, Mulgeon-ri in Namhae is a case which directly made a parallel of the physical layers of the landscape composition and the cognitive layers of the landscape experience. Artificial landscape planning is mostly about manipulating of visual traits that people feel beautiful, but the layer technique is linked to how to make experiences enriching and renewed.

Sedimentary Characteristics and Chronology of Loess-paleosol Sequence in Jeongjang-ri, Geochang basin, Gyeongnam Province (경남 거창분지 정창리 뢰스-고토양 연속층의 퇴적물 특성과 편년)

  • Hwang, Sang-Ill;Kang, Chang-Hyeok;Yoon, Soon-Ock
    • Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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    • v.46 no.1
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    • pp.1-19
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    • 2011
  • The physical and chemical characteristics of loess-paleosol sequence in Jeongjang-ri, Geochang basin are examined using the magnetic susceptibility measurement, grain size analysis, OSL age dating, major, rare earth and trace elements analysis. The grain size characteristics of the loess-palesol sequence are obviously different from those of river sediment forming river terrace deposits and the Chinese Loess Plateau. The loess-paleosol sequence consisting of L1, L1LL1, L1S1, L1L2, S1 and L2 from top to bottom is estimated to MIS 2~MIS 6 and the river terrace to MIS 7. The compositions of major, rare earth and trace elements indicate that the sequence show more weathered characteristics than the Chinese Loess Plateau and originated from the Chinese Loess Plateau. These features are in harmony with the previous studies in Korea.