• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.116-127
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• 2015

The phenomenon of international migration since the 1980s comes to be born 'multi-cultural families support law' due to the foreign workers' inflow into labor market and to a rise in married female immigrants caused by globalization and diversification. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to examine who are participants? given being led to the enactment of 'multi-cultural families support law' by which the social issue called multi-cultural family is highlighted as the public agenda. Also, the mobilization will be selected and explained among three types in mobilization model, outside initiative model, and inside access model in the process of driving by confirming it as the government's formal agenda out of social issues. With having the case characteristics in mind, the aim is to research by choosing a case analysis method that uses research theses & books, newspaper, daily newspaper, election pledges, civic group, internet, and seminar data based on the existing theory and model. The temporal scope is limited to the one from the time as saying "revise the Overseas Korean Act of opposing the banishment of migrant workers" in November 2003 to February 2008 when 'multi-cultural families support bill(alternative plan)' is legislated with agreement by the 7th plenary session for the 271th provisional session of the National Assembly.

• Proceedings of the SCSK Conference
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• 1996.07a
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• pp.33-51
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• 1996

화장품의 변질요인은 크게 물리적 또는 화학적 변화에 의한 요인과 미생물오염으로 인한 각종 문제점으로 대별될 수 있다. 이 중에서 미생물 오염문제는 제품의 상품가치에 미치는 영향 뿐만 아니라 지속적인 사용에 의한 피부의 위생적 측면때문에 그 중요성에 대한 인식이 높아지고 있다. 따라서, 제품개발시는 화장품 처방중의 영양성분의 배합, pH, 유화형태, 방부제의 혼합, 분배계수 및 그 안정성을 고려하여야 함은 물론이고 처방중의 모든 원료의 각각에 대한 항균능 및 피부자극여부를 사전에 미리 조사하여 각 제품별로 적당한 방부체계를 선택하는 것은 매우 중요한일이다. 독성실험방법에 있어서 in vivo 실험에 대체할 수 있는 새로운 in vitro 실험방법 수립 즉, 동물실험을 하지 않고 in vitro 실험결과로부터 in vivo 결과를 예측할 수 있도록 새로운 in vitro 실험체계의 가능성을 실험하였다. 4종의 cell line중 transformed mouse fibroblast L929가 본 실험에서 사용하기에 배양상의 용이성과 안정성, 재현성의 관점에서 가장 알맞은 cell line이었다. transformed mouse fibroblast L929를 사용한 NR$_{50}$ assay와 Draize score간의 regression coefficient ${\gamma}$값은 0.91이었다. 혈청은 시험물질의 세포에 대한 민감성에 영향을 주었다. 따라서, modified serum-free method를 이용함으로써 regression coefficient가 증가된 즉, 상관성 및 재현성이 높은 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 이러한 기술은 독성실험에 실험동물을 사용하지 않고 in vivo test에 대체 할 수 있고, 또한 화학물질에 대한 prescreening으로 이용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.원과 섭식장소, 수중생물의 경우는 특히 수온, 수량 영양원등이다.(중략). 본 연구의 접근방법으로는 ASRS의 개념적인 Reference Model을 수립하고 이 Reference Model에 대한 Formal Model로 DEVS(Discrete Event System Specification)을 이용하여 시스템을 Modeling하였다. 이의 Computer Simulation을 위하여 DEVS형식론 환경에서의 Simulation Language인 DEVSim ++ⓒ를 이용하여 시스템을 구현하였다.. 실형 결과로는 먼저 선형 상미분방정식의 예로 mass-damper-spring system, 비선형 상미분방정식의 예로는 van der Pol 방정식, 연립 상미분방정식의 예로는 mixing tank problem 등을 보였으며, 그의 공학에서 일어나는 여러 가지 문제들도 다루었다.화물에 대한 방어력이 증가되어 나타난 결과로 여겨지며, 또한 혈청중의 ALT, ALP 및 LDH활성을 유의성있게 감소시키므로서 감잎 phenolic compounds가 에탄올에 의한 간세포 손상에 대한 해독 및 보호작용이 있는 것으로 사료된다.반적으로 홍삼 제조시 내공의 발생은 제조공정에서 나타나는 경우가 많으며, 내백의 경우는 홍삼으로 가공되면서 발생하는 경우가 있고, 인삼이 성장될 때 부분적인 영양상태의 불충분이나 기후 등에 따른 영향을 받을 수 있기 때문에 앞으로 이에 대한 많은 연구가 이루어져야할 것으로 판단된다.태에도 불구하고 [-wh]의미의 겹의문사는 병렬적 관계의 합성어가 아니라 내부구조를 지니지 않은 단순한 단어(minimal $X^{0}$ elements)로 가정한다. 즉, [+wh] 의미의 겹의문사는 동일한 구성요 소를 지닌 병렬적 합성어([$[W1]_{XO-}$ $[W1]_{XO}$ ]

• Korean Journal of Comparative Education
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.291-307
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• 2018

As the value of lifelong learning becomes important, states are making efforts to build a system of lifelong learning. According to this tendency, this paper intends to compare the participation rate of lifelong learning, learning outcomes, learning support infrastructure, support of learning expenses, and recognition of lifelong learning. For the comparative pedagogical approach, Bray and Thomas' cubes such as geographical / regional level, non - geographical demographic statistics, social and educational aspects were utilized. The participation rate of lifelong learning in Korea is 34.4% in 2017, which is lower than the OECD average of 46%. The competency scores of Korean adults were lower than the OECD national averages of the PIAAC survey which measured adult competence, language ability, numeracy, and computer-based problem solving ability. In order to recognize prior learning, EU countries have developed EQFs to evaluate all non-formal and informal learning outcomes, while Korea recognizes qualification as a credit banking credit under the academic credit banking system. International comparisons of lifelong learning can be used as an important tool for diagnosing the actual conditions of lifelong learning in a country and establishing future lifelong learning policies. Therefore, it is necessary to maintain that the comparative pedagogical approach of lifelong learning differs according to the historical context, socioeconomic characteristics, and population dynamics, including the formation process and characteristics of modern countries.

• Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology
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• v.9 no.12
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• pp.439-451
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• 2019

This study is about the historical records of anchovy which has fluent nutritions as well as the representative side dish in Korean food culture and life. The formal first record about anchovy is in the Uhaeieobo written by Damjeung in 1803. Another important historical record about anchovy are Hyeonsaneobo(Jasaneobo) written by Jeong Yak-jeon in 1814, and Eomyeonggo(Fish name list) of Nanhoeomogji written by Seo Yu-gu in 1820. The anchovies were used for food in Korea even before the Chosun Dynasty, but they were not noticed by people. Because at that time, fishing tools and instruments such as nets were not developed enough to raise enough catches and food processing technology were not developed. Since then, in the Japanese colonial era, it has been actively developing agricultural fertilizers using anchovies. In addition, the processing technology that can be used as an edible food using anchovy has been rapidly developed. Now, the anchovy industry has very important position in Korea's fisheries industry. Among them, 'Jukbangryum anchovy' catching bamboo weir tool which has been existed for over five hundred years in Namhae province, not only creates great high economic value, but also has cultural value. Therefore, the historical literature study on anchovy can be used as an invaluable resource not only for the study of fishery from an industrial point of view, but also for the registration of world cultural heritage and GIAHS (Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System) of 'Jukbangryum' which is traditional fishery catching instrument in Korea.

• 한국노년학
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.1113-1128
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• 2008

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to investigate toilet terms and pictograms recognized by elders living in Seoul and Incheon. Method: Data were collected from 308 elders by individual interviews using questionnaires. Result: As for the name of places for elimination, those elders responded Hwajangsil 88.3%, followed by Byeonso 49.3% and Dwitgan 44.4%. Most elders preferred Hwajangsil as the term indicating the place for elimination. The mean age of the group preferred Bunso was significantly higher than that of the group preferred Hwajangsil, whereas educational level was higher in the latter group. Of the 256 respondents, 55% preferred the pictogram of international toilet sign, while 34.8% preferred the pictogram of toilet stool. Those with no formal education tended to prefer the pictogram of toilet stool. Conclusion: The term Hwajangsil is suggested for indicating toilet for elders in general. Other terms familiar with residents need to be investigated in the facilities for elders and those terms should be used in combination with Hwajangsil. English toilet signs alone are not recommended for elders. Simple pictograms of toilet stool is suggested for elders with low educational level. Toilet signs for elders need to include both terms and pictograms.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.211-220
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to analyze the frequency and contents of horticultural activities in 696 individual activities listed in 11 teacher's guidebooks of Nuri Curriculum for 5-year-olds, and to find out the perceptions of horticultural activities in the formal curriculum. The target horticultural activities that were selected were those using natural objects like potted plants, water, wind, soil, stones, etc. as the topic or subject of activities, and those with different topics but are mentioning plants or natural objects as an example at least twice. The 150 selected horticultural activities were classified by life-based theme, activity type, activity domain, and medium. As a result of examining horticultural activities by life-based theme, there were 150 horticultural activities (21.55%): 40 in Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter (5.75%), 34 in Animals, Plants, and Nature (4.89%), 22 in Environment and Life (3.16%), 19 in Our Country (2.73%), and nine in Our Neighborhood (1.29%), nine in Various Countries of the World (1.29%), four in Health and Safety (0.57%), four in Living tools (0.57%), four in Transportation (0.57%), three in Kindergarten and Friends (0.43%), two in Me and My Family (0.29%; χ²=130.427, p < .001). As a result of examining horticultural activities by activity type, there were 61 free choice activities (40.67%), 80 large and small group activities (53.33%), and nine outdoor play activities (6.00%), indicating that outdoor play was the fewest activity type (χ²=54.040, p < .001). The results of analyzing horticultural activities by activity domain showed that there were 25 in conversation (16.67%), 19 in science (12.50%), 14 in art (9.33%), 14 in cooking (9.33%), 10 in fairy tales (6.00%), nine in music (6.00%), eight in language (5.33%), eight in number operation (5.33%), eight in others (5.33%), six in children's plays (4.0%), six in games (4.0%), four in body and movement (2.67%), three in stacking (2.00%), three in roles (2.00%), three in rhythm (2.00%), two in children's poems (1.33%), two in field experience (1.33%) and one in outside play (0.67%; χ²=87.600, p < .001). As a result of examining the mediums used in the horticultural activities, 46 activities (30.67%) directly used plants as the mediums, 11 activities (7.33%) used soil such as stones, gravel, and earth as the mediums instead of plants, four activities (2.67%) used dry plants such as branches and dry leaves as the mediums, and 89 activities (59.33%) used videos, photos of plants, and pictures of plants as the mediums (χ²=121.307, p < .001).

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.125-155
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• 2010

Ontologies have been adopted in various business and scientific communities as a key component of the Semantic Web. Despite the increasing importance of ontologies, ontology developers still perceive construction tasks as a challenge. A clearly defined and well-structured methodology can reduce the time required to develop an ontology and increase the probability of success of a project. However, no reliable knowledge-engineering methodology for ontology development currently exists; every methodology has been tailored toward the development of a particular ontology. In this study, we developed a Graduation Screen Ontology (GSO). The graduation screen domain was chosen for the several reasons. First, the graduation screen process is a complicated task requiring a complex reasoning process. Second, GSO may be reused for other universities because the graduation screen process is similar for most universities. Finally, GSO can be built within a given period because the size of the selected domain is reasonable. No standard ontology development methodology exists; thus, one of the existing ontology development methodologies had to be chosen. The most important considerations for selecting the ontology development methodology of GSO included whether it can be applied to a new domain; whether it covers a broader set of development tasks; and whether it gives sufficient explanation of each development task. We evaluated various ontology development methodologies based on the evaluation framework proposed by G$\acute{o}$mez-P$\acute{e}$rez et al. We concluded that METHONTOLOGY was the most applicable to the building of GSO for this study. METHONTOLOGY was derived from the experience of developing Chemical Ontology at the Polytechnic University of Madrid by Fern$\acute{a}$ndez-L$\acute{o}$pez et al. and is regarded as the most mature ontology development methodology. METHONTOLOGY describes a very detailed approach for building an ontology under a centralized development environment at the conceptual level. This methodology consists of three broad processes, with each process containing specific sub-processes: management (scheduling, control, and quality assurance); development (specification, conceptualization, formalization, implementation, and maintenance); and support process (knowledge acquisition, evaluation, documentation, configuration management, and integration). An ontology development language and ontology development tool for GSO construction also had to be selected. We adopted OWL-DL as the ontology development language. OWL was selected because of its computational quality of consistency in checking and classification, which is crucial in developing coherent and useful ontological models for very complex domains. In addition, Protege-OWL was chosen for an ontology development tool because it is supported by METHONTOLOGY and is widely used because of its platform-independent characteristics. Based on the GSO development experience of the researchers, some issues relating to the METHONTOLOGY, OWL-DL, and Prot$\acute{e}$g$\acute{e}$-OWL were identified. We focused on presenting drawbacks of METHONTOLOGY and discussing how each weakness could be addressed. First, METHONTOLOGY insists that domain experts who do not have ontology construction experience can easily build ontologies. However, it is still difficult for these domain experts to develop a sophisticated ontology, especially if they have insufficient background knowledge related to the ontology. Second, METHONTOLOGY does not include a development stage called the "feasibility study." This pre-development stage helps developers ensure not only that a planned ontology is necessary and sufficiently valuable to begin an ontology building project, but also to determine whether the project will be successful. Third, METHONTOLOGY excludes an explanation on the use and integration of existing ontologies. If an additional stage for considering reuse is introduced, developers might share benefits of reuse. Fourth, METHONTOLOGY fails to address the importance of collaboration. This methodology needs to explain the allocation of specific tasks to different developer groups, and how to combine these tasks once specific given jobs are completed. Fifth, METHONTOLOGY fails to suggest the methods and techniques applied in the conceptualization stage sufficiently. Introducing methods of concept extraction from multiple informal sources or methods of identifying relations may enhance the quality of ontologies. Sixth, METHONTOLOGY does not provide an evaluation process to confirm whether WebODE perfectly transforms a conceptual ontology into a formal ontology. It also does not guarantee whether the outcomes of the conceptualization stage are completely reflected in the implementation stage. Seventh, METHONTOLOGY needs to add criteria for user evaluation of the actual use of the constructed ontology under user environments. Eighth, although METHONTOLOGY allows continual knowledge acquisition while working on the ontology development process, consistent updates can be difficult for developers. Ninth, METHONTOLOGY demands that developers complete various documents during the conceptualization stage; thus, it can be considered a heavy methodology. Adopting an agile methodology will result in reinforcing active communication among developers and reducing the burden of documentation completion. Finally, this study concludes with contributions and practical implications. No previous research has addressed issues related to METHONTOLOGY from empirical experiences; this study is an initial attempt. In addition, several lessons learned from the development experience are discussed. This study also affords some insights for ontology methodology researchers who want to design a more advanced ontology development methodology.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.1-42
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• 2009

In a knowledge-based society, a firm's intellectual capital represents the wealth of ideas and ability to innovate, which are indispensable elements for the future growth. Therefore, the intellectual capital is evidently recognized as the most valuable asset in the organization. Considered as intangible asset, intellectual capital is the basis based on which firms can foster their sustainable competitive advantage. One of the essential components of the intellectual capital is a social capital, indicating the firm's individual members' ability to build a firm's social networks. As such, social capital is a powerful concept necessary for understanding the emergence, growth, and functioning of network linkages. The more social capital a firm is equipped with, the more successfully it can establish new social networks. By providing a shared context for social interactions, social capital facilitates the creation of new linkages in the organizational setting. This concept of "person-environment fit" has long been prevalent in the management literature. The fit is grounded in the interaction theory of behavior. The interaction perspective has a fairly long theoretical tradition, beginning with proposition that behavior is a function of the person and environment. This view asserts that neither personal characteristics nor the situation alone adequately explains the variance in behavioral and attitudinal variables. Instead, the interaction of personal and situational variables accounts for the greatest variance. Accordingly, the person-environment fit is defined as the degree of congruence or match between personal and situational variables in producing significant selected outcomes. In addition, information systems acceptance factors enable organizations to build large electronic communities with huge knowledge resources. For example, the Intranet helps to build knowledge-based communities, which in turn increases employee communication and collaboration. It is vital since through active communication and collaborative efforts can employees build common basis for shared understandings that evolve into stronger relationships embedded with trust. To this aim, the electronic communication network allows the formation of social network to be more viable to rapid mobilization and assimilation of knowledge assets in the organizations. The purpose of this study is to investigate: (1) the impact of person-environment fit(person-job fit, person-person fit, person-group fit, person-organization fit) on social capital(network ties, trust, norm, shared language); (2) the impact of information systems acceptance factors(availability, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use) on social capital; (3) the impact of social capital on personal performance(work performance, work satisfaction); and (4) the mediating role of social capital between person-environment fit and personal performance. In general, social capital is defined as the aggregated actual or collective potential resources which lead to the possession of a durable network. The concept of social capital was originally developed by sociologists for their analysis in social context. Recently, it has become an increasingly popular jargon used in the management literature in describing organizational phenomena outside the realm of transaction costs. Since both environmental factors and information systems acceptance factors affect the network of employee's relationships, this study proposes that these two factors have significant influence on the social capital of employees. The person-environment fit basically refers to the alignment between characteristics of people and their environments, thereby resulting in positive outcomes for both individuals and organizations. In addition, the information systems acceptance factors have rather direct influences on the social network of employees. Based on such theoretical framework, namely person-environment fit and social capital theory, we develop our research model and hypotheses. The results of data analysis, based on 458 employee cases are as follow: Firstly, both person-environment fit(person-job fit, person-person fit, person-group fit, person-organization fit) and information systems acceptance factors(availability perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use) significantly influence social capital(network ties, norm, shared language). In addition, person-environment fit is a stronger factor influencing social capital than information systems acceptance factors. Secondly, social capital is a significant factor in both work satisfaction and work performance. Finally, social capital partly plays a mediating role between person-environment fit and personal performance. Our findings suggest that it is vital for firms to understand the importance of environmental factors affecting social capital of employees and accordingly identify the importance of information systems acceptance factors in building formal and informal relationships of employees. Firms also need to reflect their recognition of the importance of social capital's mediating role in boosting personal performance. Some limitations arisen in the course of the research and suggestions for future research directions are also discussed.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.63-77
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• 2011

The World Wide Web is a very large distributed digital information space. From its origins in 1991, the web has grown to encompass diverse information resources as personal home pasges, online digital libraries and virtual museums. Some estimates suggest that the web currently includes over 500 billion pages in the deep web. The ability to search and retrieve information from the web efficiently and effectively is an enabling technology for realizing its full potential. With powerful workstations and parallel processing technology, efficiency is not a bottleneck. In fact, some existing search tools sift through gigabyte.syze precompiled web indexes in a fraction of a second. But retrieval effectiveness is a different matter. Current search tools retrieve too many documents, of which only a small fraction are relevant to the user query. Furthermore, the most relevant documents do not nessarily appear at the top of the query output order. Also, current search tools can not retrieve the documents related with retrieved document from gigantic amount of documents. The most important problem for lots of current searching systems is to increase the quality of search. It means to provide related documents or decrease the number of unrelated documents as low as possible in the results of search. For this problem, CiteSeer proposed the ACI (Autonomous Citation Indexing) of the articles on the World Wide Web. A "citation index" indexes the links between articles that researchers make when they cite other articles. Citation indexes are very useful for a number of purposes, including literature search and analysis of the academic literature. For details of this work, references contained in academic articles are used to give credit to previous work in the literature and provide a link between the "citing" and "cited" articles. A citation index indexes the citations that an article makes, linking the articleswith the cited works. Citation indexes were originally designed mainly for information retrieval. The citation links allow navigating the literature in unique ways. Papers can be located independent of language, and words in thetitle, keywords or document. A citation index allows navigation backward in time (the list of cited articles) and forwardin time (which subsequent articles cite the current article?) But CiteSeer can not indexes the links between articles that researchers doesn't make. Because it indexes the links between articles that only researchers make when they cite other articles. Also, CiteSeer is not easy to scalability. Because CiteSeer can not indexes the links between articles that researchers doesn't make. All these problems make us orient for designing more effective search system. This paper shows a method that extracts subject and predicate per each sentence in documents. A document will be changed into the tabular form that extracted predicate checked value of possible subject and object. We make a hierarchical graph of a document using the table and then integrate graphs of documents. The graph of entire documents calculates the area of document as compared with integrated documents. We mark relation among the documents as compared with the area of documents. Also it proposes a method for structural integration of documents that retrieves documents from the graph. It makes that the user can find information easier. We compared the performance of the proposed approaches with lucene search engine using the formulas for ranking. As a result, the F.measure is about 60% and it is better as about 15%.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.52-63
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• 2009

WTO/TBT aims to reduce impediments to trade resulting from differences between national regulations and standards. Where international standards exist or their completion is imminent, the Code of Good Practice says that standardizing bodies should use them, or the relevant parts of them, as a basis for any standards they develop. Drawing is a formal and precise way of communicating information about the shape, size and, features. In addition, drawing is a part of the universal language of engineering. However there are many differences between international landscape drawing standard ISO 11091 and Korean landscape drawing practice(KLDP). The result of a comparison of ISO 11091 with KLDP and suggestions for international standardization of KLDP are summarized as follows. First, Among the 33 kinds of conventions from ISO 11091, 2 similar kinds and 15 different kinds from KLDP and 16 kinds of conventions which exist only in ISO 11091 appeared-for the international standardization of KLDP, it is necessary to make an extensive alteration of KLDP. Second, Europe Unity countries accepted ISO 11091 and are using it as their national standard for landscape drawing. Even Japan has accepted ISO 11091 on their civil engineering drawings and is using it as their national standard. Therefore, we need to hasten KS standard enactment based on ISO 1091. Third, For the KS standard of construction drawings, the degree of international standardization is rising even though there are still differences from the ISO standard. Therefore, since the burden on the international standardization of KLDP is expected to be weighed, preparations should be quickly brought about in the practice fields. Fourth, Since in the landscape planting ordinances of local independent governments is the standard presented by categorizing trees into evergreen and deciduous, such parts should be modified and introduced when enacting the KS standard based on ISO 11091. Fifth, For the enactment of the KS standard for landscape drawings, a wide range of opinions should be collected by the relevant landscape organization by installing a committee, and based on its recommendation, an application for the KS standard enactment of landscape drawing should be made to the chief of Ministry of Knowledge Economy.