• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.709-711
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to detect the damaged red pine trees by pine wilt disease using high resolution satellite image of IKONOS Geo. IKONOS images are segmented with eCognition image processing software. A segment based maximum likelihood classification was performed to delineate the pine stand. The pine stands are regarded as a potential damage area. In order to develop a methodology to detect the location of damaged trees from the high resolution satellite image, black and white aerial photographs were used as a simulated image. The developed method based on filtering technique. A local maximum filter was adapted to detect the location of individual tree. This report presents a part of the first year results of an ongoing project.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.6
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• pp.652-658
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the growing characteristics of oak sprouts which have developed naturally after fire and to suggest proper management system which is adapted for oak coppice forest by controlling the number of sprouts. We examined 3 burned sites and 9 unburned pine stands in Kangwondo. In the early years sprouts of oak coppice forest grew very slowly after fire compare to common oak coppice forest. But they had over than 10 cm of DBH after 15years, their DBH reached 10 cm and entered the stage of regeneration period. We also examined the effect of sprouts control. In the case of Quercus mongolica, stumps with 1 or 3 sprouts grew 1.3 m faster than the ones in the control stand. For Q. variabilis, stumps with 2 sprouts grew 0.9 m faster. In conclusion small timber production is proper for the oak coppice forest stand which is developed on the forest fire site and pruning or fertilizing is needed to shorten the production cycle.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.4
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• pp.502-512
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• 2000

Old-growth development for two different second-growth northern hardwood stands in the North America was evaluated with a computer simulation. The two sites compared were a representative 77 year old even-aged stand (Phelps) with heavy dominance by pole size classes, and an older uneven-aged stand with some existing old-growth structural features (Wildcat Creek). Each stand was evaluated in its natural progress toward old-growth structural conditions with stand structure, size distribution of live and dead trees, percent stand area in canopy gaps, and visual canopy profile and overhead view. The Phelps stand reached the minimum structural threshold for the old-growth stage after 74 years. Only 13 years was required for Wildcat Creek stand to reach the old-growth threshold. During the 45 years of simulation, the diameter distributions of both stands became broader and flatter. DBH distribution of dead trees had a general descending trend over the simulation in each stand. Gaps at Phelps were typically small after 45 years. Gap area at Wildcat Creek was somewhat more constant over the 45 years of simulation but a big gap was formed because of the death of several adjacent large trees.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.6
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• pp.561-564
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• 2008

Pinus densiflora(red pine) stands in Korea have been faced with the serious threat by pine wilt disease caused by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (nematodes). It is not easy to early detect and prevent the infected trees because those cannot be visually identified during the initial phase of infection. Red pine is usually infected by B. xylophilus from May to July and can be just visually detected in October or November. While the infected trees are wilted, the spectral value of Near Infrared (NIR) is supposed to be decreased. Based on this phenomena, in this paper, the vegetation vitality change of infected trees was analyzed using vegetation indices. Spectral values of Red, Green and NIR had been acquired monthly by a portable NIR camera in the same place of red pine stands infected by pine wilt disease. It could be proven that the vegetation index, or vegetation vitality of damaged trees starts to decrease from June, in the early infecting phase.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.421-427
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• 2008

This study was carried out to offer a basis data for application of effective management through species composition and community structure of Castanopsis cuspidata var. thunbergii stands (Bijindo and Yokjido). The upper, middle and lower layer in Bijindo and Yokjido consisted of 10, 11 and 27 species, and 9, 6 and 28 species, respectively. The importance value of Castanopsis cuspidata var. thunbergii were highest in upper and middle layer both two studied site. The herbaceous species were 33 and 47 species in Bijindo and Yokjido, respectively. The species diversity ranged from 0.523 to 1.280 in Bijindo and 0.699 to 1.364 in Yokjido. Dominance in Bijindo and Yokjido were 0.477 and 0.242 at upper layer, 0.231 and 0.102 at middle layer, and 0.106 and 0.057 at lower layer, which showed that Castanopsis cuspidata var. thunbergii stands are dominated by a large number of species at all layer. The distribution pattern by Morisita's index showed that Castanopsis cuspidata var. thunbergii was distributed randomly in upper layer both the studied sites.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.43-51
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• 2012

This study was conducted to develop growth model and to estimate carbon storage of Quercus variablis stands. The study sites were located in the Yangpyeong and Gangneung regions. A total of 30 sample trees were harvested for data collection. According to the results of the application of Chapman-Richards model in this study, the coefficient of determination($R^2$) for the DBH-height model in Yangpyeong region was 97% while 94% in Gangneung regions. For the age-height relationship, the $R^2$ in Yangpyeong regions was 99% while 94% in Gangneung regions. The total carbon stored in Yangpyeong region was $83.0Mg\;C\;ha^{-1}$ while $137.3Mg\;C\;ha^{-1}$ in Gangneung.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.33-39
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• 2011

This study was conducted to distribution characteristic of root diameter class between natural and planted stands of one-age class in Pinus densiflora for. eracta in Gangwon. Root development presented that 0.5-2.0 mm diameter class was large part in total root number and length but 0.5-2.0 mm diameter class have a low distribution in each stand. Below 5.0 mm diameter class between natural and planted stands observed outstanding natural stand more than planted stand, but reverse over 5.0 mm diameter class. Root development depending on soil level of vertical and horizontal was presented various natural stand more than planted stand because root distribution of planted stand was concentrated low soil level in 10 cm of soil depth and 20 cm of soil horizontal layer. We can understand that the root distribution presented different between natural and planted stand, therefore this result can used as a basic information for correct of outplanting.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.4
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• pp.419-424
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• 2007

The urban forest offer many opportunities to maintain and enhance local and regional biological diversity. Pinus densiflora stands in isolated urban forest in five areas of Seoul, Incheon, Daegu, Ulsan, and Cheongju were investigated by landscape and community ecological methods for diagnosis of current status and construction of conservation plan. Species composition of five study areas revealed regional characteristics. As the result of stand dynamics, absence of pine seedlings and saplings were observed. Cheongju, significantly, revealed highest species diversity (H'=1.86) and richness (24) among study areas, and the opposite was true for Daegu (1.35 for H', and 14 for richness). Ratio of alien species was highest in Daegu (15.8%) (F=5.05, p=0.0016). Based on landscape analysis, complexity of pine patch was higher in local city than metropolitans, but statistically not significant (p=0.133). Complexity of pine patch revealed significant positive correlation with diversity and richness, but not with percentage of aliens. Synthetically, ecological management based on community and landscape ecological information was recommended. Cautious artificial regeneration strategy was necessary to regenerate pine forest in urban area.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.125-136
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• 2016

The Korea Forest Service(KFS) has been initiating restoration activities of ridgeline in damaged and fragmented areas of Baekdudaegan since 2011. Completed project in Ihwaryeong, Yuksimnyeong & Beoljae(2012; 2013) were selected as sites for this study. The changes in microclimate condition, vegetation composition and soil properties between project sites and adjacent stands were compared to evaluate the effect of restoration at early stage(after 2years). Pinus densiflora was planted mainly for these restoration sites, however Robinia pseudoacacia and Alnus sibirica invaded the area two years after the restoration activities. Ihwaryeong showed the most changes in understory vegetation among the study sites. Exotic species, such as Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Oenothera odorata, Erigeron annuus, and Coreopsis tinctoria invaded Ihwaryeong, and the dominance have invaded currently. It resulted from the poor survival rate of trees and high difference in microclimate wherein there's an increased temperature and decreased humidity in both restored sites and adjacent stands. In addition, it is also caused by poor soil chemical property, especially pH and organic matter content due to lack of humus layer and its accumulation, compared to adjacent forest soil in restored sites. Significant difference on chemical soil property was observed between restored sites and adjacent forest but no significant difference was observed after two years of restoration. Ecological monitoring is needed to understand the ecological changes after restoration and to establish a long-term management strategy.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.105 no.3
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• pp.336-341
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• 2016

The object of this study was to classify the local types in relation to regional differences using Height-DBH growth of Pinus densiflora in Korea. The regional types were clustered according to Getis-Ord's $G_i$ among Local indicators of spatial association (LISA) by characteristics of spatial distribution which were calculated the residual of sample plots by fitting Height-DBH growth model using Weibull growth equation. Accordingly, Pinus densiflora were classified 3 groups, It indicated that annual precipitation had one of the biggest impacts among the considered site and climate factors. This results can become the standard for regional management of Pinus densiflora forests.