• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.72 no.1
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• pp.27-31
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• 1986

To compare the fungal distribution of matsutake-producing (Tricholoma matsutake) stand with that of non-producing stand, mushrooms on forest floor were collected in September of 1984 from 28-year-old non-producing and 55-year-old matsutake-producing stands of Pinus densiflora in Kangwon Province. A total of 18 fungal species in 12 genera were collected from a non-producing stand, and all the species except one were putative ectomycorrhizal. Common genera in non-producing stand included Suillus, Russula, Lactarius, Hydnum, and Amanita. From a matsutake-producing stand a total of 30 fungal species in 22 genera were collected, of which 22 species were ectomycorrhizal. Common genera in the producing stand included Hydnum, Tricholoma, Laccaria, and Cantharellus. Common species in both stands were six species only. It is concluded that matsutake-producing stand had more diversified fungal population than non-producing stand, probably because of higher contents of organic matters in soil and better development of understory vegetation through the ageing of the stand.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.16-20
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• 2010

Transplantation of matsutake-infected pine tree into a pine forest has great potential as an artificial cultivation method of Tricholoma matsutake. Matsutake-infected pine trees had previously transplanted by this research group into the experimental area from 2001 to 2004 and its survival rate determined in 2006 was 20%. For the survived samples, the characteristics of mycelial growth and the development of fairy-ring formation of T. matsutake have been evaluated until 2009. It was found that size of the indeterminate ring showed significant differences among the individual trees and varied from $4\;cm\;{\times}\;4\;cm$ to $52\;cm\;{\times}\;35\;cm$. The variation was possibly resulted from the differences in production area of the matsutake-infected pine tree and those in site characteristics of the transplanted spots. For the characteristics of mycelial growth, it grew in the shape of a cudgel or an acute-angled 'V' in early stage, and then the shape became more wider and changed into an obtuse-angled 'V' as time passed. We expect that matsutake mushrooms may occur from the fairy-rings of some of these matsutake-infected pine trees in the autumn of 2010.

• Mycobiology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.249-254
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• 2008

Minimal growth inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of chitosan acetate (M.W. 60 kDa) on heterotrophic bacteria (strains MK1, S, and R) isolated from the soft-rotten tissues of Neungee mushroom (Sarcodon aspratus) were measured. The slimy substance produced by the MK1 strain was responsible for the diseased mushroom’s appearance. The S and R strains were members of the Burkholderia cepacia complex. These strains showed different levels of susceptibility toward chitosan acetate. The MIC of chitosan acetate against the MK1 and S strains was 0.06%. The MIC against the R strain was greater than 0.10%. Survival fractions of the MK1 and S strains at the MIC were $3\;{\times}\;10^{-4}$ and $1.4\;{\times}\;10^{-3}$ after 24 h, and $2\;{\times}\;10^{-4}$ and $7\;{\times}\;10^{-4}$ after 48 h, respectively. Survival fractions of the R strain after 24 and 48 hr at 0.1% chitosan acetate were $1\;{\times}\;10^{-2}$ and $6.9\;{\times}\;10^{-3}$, respectively. Compared to the MK1 and S strains, the low susceptibility of the R stain towards chitosan acetate could be due to the ability of the R strain to utilize chitosan as a carbon source. Thirty-eight percent of Neungee pieces treated in a 0.06% chitosan acetate solution for $2{\sim}3$ second did not show any bacterial growth at 4 days, whereas bacterial growth around untreated mushroom pieces occurred within 2 days. These data suggest that chitosan acetate is highly effective in controlling growth of indigenous microorganisms on Neungee. The scanning electron micrographs of the MK1 strain treated with chitosan revealed a higher degree of disintegrated and distorted cellular structures.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.322-327
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• 2014

Subculture is the most common method for preservation fungi, but has a disadvantage of accumulation of spontaneous mutations during the repeated subculture. To reduce the subculture frequency, the effect of preservation period at $4^{\circ}C$ in a slant culture was examined on the mycelia growth and lignocellulolytic enzyme activities of various basidiomycetes. Mushrooms, including Stereum ostrea, Coprinellus micaeus, Trametes versicolor, Hypholoma fasciculare, Wolfiporia extensa, Pleurotus pulmonarius, Piptoporus betulinus and Ganoderma applanatum were not affected by the preservation period more than two years, indicating that they can be maintained by subculture every two years. Some other tested fungal strains showed a significant decrease in both viability and enzyme activity when they were maintained for two years, suggesting that they should be subcultured at least once in a year. A little correlation was found between the recovery of mycelial growth and extracellular enzyme activity. In conclusion, mycelial activity and enzyme activity according to storage period is expected to be a way of deciding on subculture times for fungal preservation.

• Mycobiology
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.476-483
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• 2020

The genus Pholiota (Strophariaceae, Basidiomycota) is made up of wood-rotting saprotrophic mushrooms characterized by a yellow or brown pileus with scales and/or slimy, and by a brownish smooth spore with a germ pore. However, these features are not enough to distinguish its species, or separate the genus Pholiota from other brown-spored wood-rotting genera such as Hypholoma and Stropharia. Although internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencebased identification has improved identification accuracy for species of Pholiota, most Pholiota species in Korea are reported based on morphological features. To evaluate the taxonomy of Pholiota species, we investigated 62 specimens collected from 1999 to 2019 in Korea using ITS sequence analysis and morphological observation. Twelve of the 16 recorded Pholiota species in Korea were identified. While eight species were clearly separated, the ITS analysis did not distinguish three in the Pholiota adiposa complex. Therefore, further investigation is required to distinguish these three species. ITS sequences deposited in GenBank confirm that P. highlandensis exists in Korea. The presence of the other four Pholiota species could not be confirmed through specimens or sequence information in GenBank. A taxonomic key and the ITS sequence data for Korean Pholiota species are included and can be good baselines for further research on Pholiota taxonomy and diversity.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.163-167
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• 2022

Bio-based alternative leathers may be produced from biomass fiber, protein polymers, bacterial cellulose, and mushroom mycelia. Of these components, mushroom mycelia are of greatest interest. In this study, the potential of Fomes fomentariusas a mushroom mycelial mat was confirmed, and the optimal strain for the development of the mycelial mat was determined. Moreover, the quality of the mycelial mat was improved by identifying an efficient culture method to increase productivity. Mutant strains whose independence was verified were obtained by treatment with gamma irradiation under various conditions. Biofilm formation by the resulting strains was examined in sawdust and liquid media and the characteristics of the biofilms were analyzed. The biofilm of the mutant strains showed results that were similar to or better than the biofilms of longevity and cypress mushrooms. These findings are expected to be utilized in future research aimed at discovering new biomaterials using mushroom mycelia.

• Mycobiology
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.173-182
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• 2021

Recently, Cryptococcus pseudolongus has been reported as a new pathogen of shiitake (Lentinula edodes). However, its pathological properties are not much known. To further understand its impact on the mushroom, we investigated the pathogen's interactions with the mycelium of shiitake, histopathological properties, host range, and sensitivity to diverse antifungal agents. The strain C. pseudolongus DUCC 4014 inhibited the mycelial growth of L. edodes strain (cultivar Sanjo 701ho) and caused browning in the mycelia confronted with the yeast on PDA. Spray inoculation of the yeast caused an abnormal browning symptom on the cap and/or gills of three shiitake cultivars grown on sawdust media in vinyl bags. Scanning electron microscopic images of the abnormally browned parts of shiitake fruit body illustrated that mushroom tissues were loosed and dispersed in the middle and edge of the cap and the arrangement of basidiospores borne on basidia in the gills was disturbed compared to those of normal shiitake fruit body. Spray inoculation also led to developing abnormal browning on the harvested fruit body, indicating C. pseudolongus could be a problem during mushroom storage. But the yeast was not able to induce abnormal browning on mushrooms of Pleurotus ferulae, Pleurotus fostreatus, and Agaricus bisporus. But it induced browning only on button mushroom (A. bisporus) when they were inoculated after wounding. Tests with 16 kinds of fungicides revealed that the cell growth of C. pseudolongus could be inhibited by benzalkonium chloride at MIC 7 ㎍/ml and benomyl at MIC 3 ㎍/ml.

• Mycobiology
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.109-113
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• 2023

Auricularia is one of the broadly cultivated edible mushrooms in Korea. Most of the Korean Auricularia strains used for cultivation and breeding are known as A. auricula-judae. Recently, this species has been reported to belong to a species complex. Therefore, this study was carried out to genetically clarify the bred and cultivated Korean A. auricula-judae strains. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and IGS1 rDNA region sequences were determined from 10 A. auricula-judae strains by PCR and sequencing. Variation in the nucleotide sequence and sequence length of the two rDNA regions were found among the seven A. auricula-judae strains. A maximum-likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree based on the ITS sequences clearly placed all the 10 Korean A. auricula-judae strains in the A. heimuer clade of the A. auriculajudae complex. A. heimuer is diverged from A. auricula-judae. An ML phylogenetic tree based on the IGS1 sequences revealed the close relationship between Korean A. heimuer strains to Chinese A. heimuer strains. But each strain could be distinguishable by the IGS1 sequence. Furthermore, progeny strains in the seven Korean strains could be differentiated from their parental strains by the IGS1 sequence based phylogenetic tree. Our results are expected to be used to complement the distinction of domestic Auricularia cultivars.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.225-233
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• 2022

Pyogo (Shiitake, Lentinula edodes) is one of the most important edible mushrooms because of its outstanding nutritive and medicinal value. In the registration and protection procedure for newly developed mushroom cultivars, the application of molecular markers that can supplement the morphological characteristic-based distinction has been strongly requested. Sanjo 701 and Chamaram, newly developed at the Federation Forest Mushroom Research Center of Korea, have been characterized as innovative cultivars suitable for customer demands because of their high yields and cultivation rates. However, no technical tools can protect the rights to these important cultivars. In this study, using comparative genomic information from 23 commercially available pyogo cultivars, we identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that accurately differentiated Sanjo701 and Chamaram from the other cultivars. We also developed high-resolution melting analysis (HRM)-based SNP markers that discriminate among the tested 23 pyogo cultivars. The developed SNP markers can be utilized for rapid, accurate identification of pyogo cultivars with low genetic diversity and to prevent cultivar contamination caused by illegally distributed inocula. In addition, these markers can serve as a crucial scientific basis for securing the right to conserve new cultivars in international markets.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.312-321
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• 2014

Tricholoma bakamatsutake is one of the edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms as an allied species of Tricholoma matsutake. This is the first report on physical characteristics of T. bakamatsutake strains collected from Quercus mongolica forests in Korea. The pure cultures of these strains were isolated from the tissues of fruit bodies and the culture characteristics were investigated under different conditions (media, temperatures, nitrogen sources). Most strains showed the highest mycelial growth on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 20 or $25^{\circ}C$. Two strains of T. bakamatsutake preferred the ammonium-form rather than the nitrate-form as an inorganic nitrogen source. T. bakamatsutake showed significantly slower mycelial growth when compared with T. matsutake from a Korean forest, although the optimum culture conditions for the two allied species were similar. We also tested the ability to form mycorrhizae as well as cellulase activity of T. bakamatsutake. All strains showed cellulase activity on a carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) agar plate. The mycorrhizae on axenic Pinus densiflora seedlings were formed by two strains of T. bakamatsutake after 3 or 8 months of inoculation. P. densiflora seedlings inoculated with T. bakamatsutake had a much higher biomass than un-inoculated seedlings.