• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 2009

Forests render both a home and a livelihood for people living in and around them. To reconcile the need of local communities with conservation, the Nishorgo Support Project (NSP or Nishorgo) is supporting co-management in five protected areas of Bangladesh, including Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary. The main focus of this study is to assess the effectiveness of alternate income generating activities (AIGAs) which is provided by the Nishorgo Support Project. It is a tool for reducing dependence on forest resources by people living in and around Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary and also play effective role in forest conservation. This study compares the socioeconomic condition (income, living style etc.) and forest dependency before and after implementation of co-management activities in Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary. A total of 11 villages (sampling intensity was 31%) namely Kalibari, Mongoliabari, Chokidarbari, Chonbari, kalenga, Krishnochura, Hatimara, Himalia, Rashidpur, Goramchori and Horinmara were studied. We surveyed 272 households in these villages (Incase of households survey, sampling intensity was 100%). Data analysis shows that the major income generating livelihood activities were agro farming (30%), followed by fuelwood collection (22.50%), nursery raising (12.5%), cattle rearing (10%), fisheries (7.50%) and others. Study also reveals that after being implementation of the co-management activities the average income levels of the studied villages have rises on 578 Tk/households (1US$ = 70 Taka, Taka means Bangladeshi currency). Further more, many of the illegal loggers became forest protector, which make their life more secured. It was also found that peoples of the study villages are now actively engaging in forest management activities and it is the only hope for conservation and restoration of forest resources not only in Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary but also in other protected area's of our country.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.93-99
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• 2011

In this study, a total of 350 households contained 700 individuals in Iganzo village were surveyed to study their literate and poverty levels and their impacts to conservation of the Mbeya Range Forest Reserve. The study included 350 women and 350 men. The majority of respondents were between the ages of 31-40 years old (53%), while the rest were between 41-50 years old (25%) and 21-30 years old (22%). The total income per day per household was calculated and averaged to 4,570 Tanzanian shillings that is equal to about 3 U.S. dollars. The average number of members per household was seven. It was reported that, there is a tremendous decrease in biodiversity composition of the reserve mainly due to poverty (80%) and ignorance (76%) of the people on the importance of the reserve. Other causes for this decrease were reported to be grazing of livestock in the reserve (23%), poor farming systems (68%), which resulted in soil erosion, encroachment (64%) through expansion of farms towards the reserve boundary and charcoal burning (34%). Respondents from Mbeya Urban Water Supply Authority and District Forest Office mentioned lack of funds (49%) and lack of experts (56%) as challenges that face the conservation of the reserve. It was revealed that 25% of respondents had never gone to school, 53% had primary level of education as their highest level of education, 20% had secondary education and 2% had first degree. The null hypothesis that poverty and illiteracy have a positive correlation to forest degradation was accepted based on these findings at a probability of p>0.85. Thus, it was concluded that poverty and illiteracy among Iganzo village residents are the main causes for the degradation of biodiversity in Mbeya Range Forest Reserve.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.378-388
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• 2016

International societies are currently working together to achieve the Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) initiative which aims the triple wins: (1) sustainably increasing agricultural productivity and incomes; (2) adapting and building resilience to climate change; and (3) mitigating greenhouse gases emissions. In terms of its scope and context, CSA follows the '3Nong (三農)' vision cast about 200 years ago by Dasan Jeong Yak-Yong who emphasized the triad of governance, management and monitoring towards comfortable, profitable and noble agriculture. Yet, the CSA provides the practical aims that facilitate the development of holistic indicators for quantitative evaluation and monitoring, on which decision-making support system is based. In this study, we introduce an agent-based model, i.e. Mathematical Programming Multi-Agent Systems (MP-MAS), as a tool for supporting the decision-making toward CSA. We have established the initial version of MP-MAS adapted for domestic use and present the preliminary results from an application to the rice farming case in Haenam, Korea. MP-MAS can support both farmers and policy-makers to consider diverse management options from multiple perspectives. When the modules for system resilience and carbon footprint are added, MP-MAS will serve as a robust tool that fulfills not only CSA but also Dasan's '3Nong' vision of sustainable agricultural-societal systems.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.1300-1304
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• 2008

The fact that soil loss causing to increase muddy water and devastate an ecosystem has been appearing upon a hot social and environmental issues which should be solved. Soil losses are occurring in most agricultural areas with rainfall-induced runoff. It makes hydraulic structure unstable, causing environmental and economical problems because muddy water destroys ecosystem and causes intake water deterioration. One of three severe muddy water source areas in Soyanggang-dam watershed is Jawoon-ri region, located in Hongcheon county. In this area, many cash-crops are planted at illegally cultivated agricultural fields, which were virgin forest areas. The purpose of this study is to estimate soil loss with current land uses (including illegal cash-crop cultivation) and soil loss reduction with land use conversion from illegal cultivation back to forest. In this study, the Sediment Assessment Tool for Effective Erosion Control (SATEEC) ArcView GIS system was utilized to assess soil erosion. If the illegally cultivated agricultural areas are converted back to forest, it is expected to 17.42% reduction in soil loss. At the Jawoon-ri region, illegally cultivated agricultural areas located at over 30% and 15% slopes take 47.48 ha (30.83%) and 103.64 ha (67.29%) of illegally cultivated agricultural fields respectively. If all illegally cultivated agricultural fields are converted back to forest, it is expected that 17.41% of soil erosion and sediment reduction, 10.86% reduction with forest conversion from 30% sloping illegally agricultural fields, and 16.15% reduction with forest conversion from 15% sloping illegally agricultural fields. Therefore, illegally cultivated agricultural fields located at these sloping areas need to be first converted back to forest to maximize reductions in soil loss reduction and muddy water outflow from the Jawoon-ri regions.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.171-182
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• 2016

Since FAO introduced the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems(GIAHS) in 2002, 36 sites of 15 countries so far have been listed on GIAHS. This study aims to find the important agricultural heritages of Korea and to prepare the methods for them to be selected as GIAHS. We have analyzed the proposals of the 36 GIAHS listed in order to study the characteristics of their components of the agricultural heritage which worked for being selected. To analyze the components of the agricultural heritage first, agricultural heritage was classified into 13 types and 42 components in light of GIAHS criteria. Then central themes were set to analyze the relevant contents in the proposals. They were, the type of GIAHS Site, significant agricultural landscape, the agriculture-forestry-fisheries-livestock linkage systems, the multi-layered, inter-cropping, circulation cultivation systems, the soil and water management systems, the conservation of agrobiological diversity and genetic resources, the history of the agricultural heritage, the succession of traditional farming techniques, the cultural diversity and so on. Most GIAHS are located in mountains, grasslands, rivers and coasts, desert than in plains, through which GIAHS assure us that it is the heritage of human challenge to overcome the harsh geographic environment and maintain a livelihood. In these sites the traditional farming techniques are carried on, such as mountain clearings, terraced rice paddies, and burn fields, and the unique irrigation systems and agricultural landscapes are well maintained, and the eco-friendly traditional farming techniques utilizing abundant forest resources and agriculture are well handed down. The origin or home of crop growing, a variety of genetic crop storage, the world's largest crop producer and preserving cultural diversity are also important factors for the selection.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.86 no.1
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• pp.46-55
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• 1997

This study tried to categorize the types of mountain-village areas in terms of some key variables representing the socio-economic and natural characteristics in order to provide basic information for policy formation of mountain areas. Cross-sectional data of the year 1990 for 900 sub-counties were collected to analyse the characteristics of mountain-village areas. Eleven variables were selected to classify the types of sub-county levels. According to the results of the study, the socio-economic conditions of mountain-village areas represented by the number of corporations, number of non-farming households, and population density of mountain-village areas were found to be inferior to other parts of the nation while the proportion of forest land, share of non-paddy crop fields, distance from cities, percentage of farming households, and elevation from the sea-level were higher to the other areas. By the principal factor analysis, the key variables representing industrial development, mountain-ousness, and accessibility from near cities were selected. By a cluster analysis employing the selected variables, 5 different types of mountain-village areas were categorized.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.1604-1611
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• 2013

The purpose is to figure out the effects of education for environmental pollution prevention through forest experiences on children's nature-friendly attitudes and scientific problem solving ability. To achieve this, an experiment was conducted on total 44 kindergarten children in a class for 5-year-olds, who are classified into experimental group of 22 children(12 male children, 10 female children) and comparative group of 22 children(13 male children, 9 female children), in a C farming village. The results are as follows. First, the change of children's nature-friendly attitudes by group showed that education for environmental pollution prevention through forest experiences had an effect on the improvement of children's nature-friendly attitudes. Second, the change of children's scientific problem solving ability by group showed that education for environmental pollution prevention through forest experiences had an effect on the improvement of children's scientific problem solving ability. This implies that children's forest activities are useful in improving their nature-friendly attitudes and scientific problem solving ability.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.473-482
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• 2021

In this study, we attempted to estimate the degree of management of chestnut forestry households in Chungcheongnam-do and to provide information for establishing chestnut cultivation-related policies. The chestnut management standard diagnostic table consists of three major categories, namely, management base, management and sales capacity, and production technology levels, along with 19 subcategories. A survey of 309 chestnut forestry households was conducted from 2014 to 2019 in Gongju, Cheongyang, and Buyeo in Chungcheongnam-do. The average score for the 19 subcategories was 65.7 points, indicating that these areas have excellent management conditions. When the total score was higher, the output per hectare and the rate of top-grade products in the total output were also higher, indicating a significant correlation. These findings will be useful for providing consulting services to chestnut growers as they highlight the correlation between the higher scores of the indicators in the chestnut management standard diagnostic table and the management performance of the farmers. We found that the scores of the indicators for management and sale skill, such as management record and analysis, material purchase, and direct transaction with consumers, were relatively lower than those of the indicators for management base and production skill. It is assumed that the chestnut growers aging has led to negligence in recording details on incomes, expenditures, and work and lowered the willingness to make substantial profits. Therefore, it is essential to overcome these problems for profitable chestnut farming.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.483-492
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• 2021

This study attempted to estimate the degree of management of oak mushroom farms in Chungcheongnam-do and to provide information to establish oak mushroom cultivation-related policies. The oak mushroom management standard diagnostic table consists of three major categories, growing condition, inoculation management, cultivation management and management administration, along with 20 subcategories. Thus, 209 households of oak mushroom farms were surveyed from 2015 to 2018 in Gongju, Cheongyang, Buyeo and Seochun in Chungcheongnam-do. The average score for the 20 subcategories was 71.5 points (representing a significant level), indicating that these areas have excellent management conditions. The analysis of the management performance indicators revealed a high number of indicators with scores of five or above. The total score was higher, and the amount per bed log and the rate of top-grade products in the total output were also higher, indicating a significant correlation. These findings will provide consulting services to oak mushroom growers as they highlight the correlation between the higher scores of indicators in the oak mushroom management standard diagnostic table and the management performance of farmers. We found that the scores of the indicators for management administration, such as management record and analysis and fund plan were relatively lower than those of other indicators. It is assumed that the owners aging has led to negligence in recording the details on incomes, expenditures, and work and lowered the willingness to make substantial profits. Therefore, it is essential to overcome these problems for profitable oak mushroom farming.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.95-112
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• 2021

This study analyzed the effects of healing agriculture program types on program satisfaction by using functional image and emotional image of the program as mediators for the participants of healing agriculture program. The sub-variables of the healing agriculture program were classified into horticultural healing, animal healing, food healing, and forest healing. 328 questionnaires collected from the participants of healing agriculture program in the whole country were used for empirical analysis, which used SPSS v22.0 and PROCESS macro v3.4 to analyze the parallel multiple mediation model. First, Among the types of healing agriculture programs, animal healing, food healing, and forest healing had a positive (+) effect on functional image. Second, all types of healing agriculture program had a positive (+) effect on emotional image. Third, both functional and emotional images had a significant positive effect on satisfaction. Fourth, among the types of healing agriculture program, horticultural healing, animal healing, and forest healing had a significant effect on satisfaction, while food healing did not maintain the significant effect on satisfaction. Fifth, functional image mediated between healing agriculture program and satisfaction. Sixth, emotional image mediated between healing agriculture program type and satisfaction. In the next study, it is necessary to study for the adjustment of mediators other than the mediators introduced in this study or the controlled mediated analysis through the conditional process model in which the moderator variable is introduced.