• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.318-329
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• 2022

Plant phenology including flowering, leaf unfolding, and leaf coloring in a forest is important to understand the forest ecosystem. Temperature rise due to recent climate change, however, can lead to plant phenology change as well as snowfall in winter season. Therefore, accurate monitoring of forest environment changes such as plant phenology and snow cover is essential to understand the climate change effect on forest management. These changes can monitor using a digital camera system. This paper introduces the detection methods for plant phenology and snow cover at the mountain region using an unmanned camera system that is a way to monitor the change of forest environment. In this study, the Automatic Mountain Meteorology Stations (AMOS) operated by Korea Forest Service (KFS) were selected as the testbed sites in order to systematize the plant phenology and snow cover detection in complex mountain areas. Multi-directional Internet Protocol (IP) camera system that is a kind of unmanned camera was installed at AMOS located in Seoul, Pyeongchang, Geochang, and Uljin. To detect the forest plant phenology and snow cover, the Red-Green-Blue (RGB) analysis based on the IP camera imagery was developed. The results produced by using image analysis captured from IP camera showed good performance in comparison with in-situ data. This result indicates that the utilization technique of IP camera system can capture the forest environment effectively and can be applied to various forest fields such as secure safety, forest ecosystem and disaster management, forestry, etc.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.19-26
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to build Island biogeography in the basic concept of landscape ecology in South Korea by draw relationship between the species side of quantitative habitats and forest area surveyed in the national database based on investigation of the 2nd natural environment. In addition, try to present criterion of habitats character category after understanding habitats character of emergence area side of quality habitats based on the type of formatting. Species and forest area relationship analyzed using correlation analysis and simple regression analysis. Also habitat character limited composition ratio of neighboring land cover and analyzed using hierarchical cluster analysis to classify type of habitat. As a result, we found that forest area is correlated with number of species, forests which is bigger than 100ha are more important of increase in species' population. And according to land cover composition ratio, bird's classified types of forest inner species, forest edge species, forest outer species and mammal's classified types of forest inner species, forest general species, forest edge species. We suggest that study of species-forest area relationship and emergence habitat character be used as some management plans of species' conservation, protection and restoration.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.190-200
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• 2022

In this study, the island's land-use and land-cover change (LULCC) is analyzed in South Korea using remotely sensed land cover data(Globeland 30) acquired from 2000 to 2020 to meet the requirement of providing practical information for forest management. Analysis of LULCC between the 2000 and 2020 images revealed that changes to agricultural land were the most common type of change (7.6% of pixels), followed by changes to the forest (5.7%). The islands forests maintain 157,246 ha (42.2% of the total island area). Land cover types that changed to the forest from grasslands were 262 islands, while reverse cases have occurred on 421 islands. These 683 islands have a possibility of transition and disturbance. The artificial land class was newly calculated in 22 islands. The forests, which account for 42.2% of the 22 island area, turned into grassland, and 27.8% of agricultural land and grassland turned into forests. The development of artificial land often affects developed areas and surrounding areas, resulting in deforestation, management of agriculture, and landscaping. This study can provide insights concerning the fundamental data for assessing ecological functions and constructing forest management plans in islands ecosystems.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.425-432
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• 2011

To control non-point source pollution at a watershed scale, rainfall-runoff characteristics from forest watersheds should be investigated since the forest is the dominant land use in Korea. Long-term monitoring would be an ideal method. However, computer models have been utilized due to limitations in cost and labor in performing long-term monitoring at the watersheds. In this study, the Geo-spatial interface to the Water Erosion Prediction Project (GeoWEPP) model was evaluated for its runoff prediction from a coniferous forest dominant watersheds. The $R^2$ and the NSE for calibrated result comparisons were 0.77 and 0.63, validated result comparisons were 0.92, 0.89, respectively. These comparisons indicated that the GeoWEPP model can be used in evaluating rainfall-runoff characteristics. To estimate runoff changes from a coniferous forest watershed with various cover degree scenarios, ten cover degree scenarios (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%) were run using the calibrated GeoWEPP model. It was found that runoff increases with decrease in cover degree. Runoff volume was the highest ($206,218.66m^3$) at 10% cover degree, whereas the lowest ($134,074.58m^3$) at 100% cover degree due to changes in evapotranspiration under various cover degrees at the forest. As shown in this study, GeoWEPP model could be efficiently used to investigate runoff characteristics from the coniferous forest watershed and effects of various cover degree scenarios on runoff generation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.102 no.3
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• pp.407-414
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• 2013

This study was conducted to classify forest cover types using the multivariate statistical analysis in the natural forest of western Mt. Jiri. On the basis of the vegetation data by point quarter sampling, the adopted analytical methods were species-area curve (SAC), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), indicator species analysis (ISA), and multiple discriminant analysis (MDA). SAC selected the outlier tree species which was likely to have no influence on the classification of forest cover types, excluded from all analytical process. Based on forest vegetative information, HCA classified the study area into 2 to 10 clusters and ISA indicated that the optimal number of clusters were seven. MDA was taken to test the clusters that classified with HCA and ISA. The seven clusters were classified appropriately as overall classification success were 91.3%. The classified forest cover types were named by the ratio of the dominant species in the upper layer of each cluster. They were (1) Quercus mongolica Pure forest, (2) Mixed mesophytic forest, (3) Q. mongolica - Q. serrata forest, (4) Abies koreana - Q. mongolica forest, (5) Fraxinus mandshurica forest, (6) Q. serrata forest, and (7) Carpinus laxiflora forest.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.387-402
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• 2005

In this study, we tried to predict the change of future land-cover and relationships between land-cover change and geo-spatial information in the Gongju area by using fuzzy logic operation. Quantitative evaluation of prediction models was carried out using a prediction rate curve using. Based on the analysis of correlations between the geo-spatial information and land-cover change, the class with the highest correlation was extracted. Fuzzy operations were used to predict land-cover change and determine the land-cover prediction maps that were the most suitable. It was predicted that in urban areas, the urban expansion of old and new towns would occur centering on the Gem-river, and that urbanization of areas along the interchange and national roads would also expand. Among agricultural areas, areas adjacent to national roads connected to small tributaries of the Gem-river and neighboring areas would likely experience changes. Most of the forest areas are located in southeast and from this result we can guess why the wide chestnut-tree cultivation complex is located in these areas and the possibility of forest damage is very high. As a result of validation using the prediction rate curve, it was indicated that among fuzzy operators, the maximum fuzzy operator was the most suitable for analyzing land-cover change in urban and agricultural areas. Other fuzzy operators resulted in the similar prediction capabilities. However, in the prediction rate curve of integrated models for land-cover prediction in the forest areas, most fuzzy operators resulted in poorer prediction capabilities. Thus, it is necessary to apply new thematic maps or prediction models in connection with the effective prediction of changes in the forest areas.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.51-63
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• 2008

It is important to develop standard metadata to give more plentiful information about the forest cover type map and to promote distribution by National Geographic Information Clearinghouse. In this study metadata for the forest cover type map was designed based on TTAS.IS-19115 and it consisted of 10 packages and 50 elements. Also metadata editor was developed to implement metadata with standard schema and metadata viewer to service more user friendly interface. This work was about the first standard metadata for forest GIS data. So it would be a useful reference to develop metadata for other digital map concerning forest.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.4
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• pp.537-546
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to interpret ecological characteristics and to estimate successional trend for seven classified forest cover types (Quercus mongolica pure forest, Q. mongolica-Q. serrata forest, Mixed mesophytic forest, Abies koreana-Q. mongolica forest, Fraxinus mandshurica forest, Q. serrata forest, and Carpinus laxiflora forest) in the natural forest of Western Jirisan. Q. mongolica pure forest and A. koreana-Q. mongolica forest which were distributed in a high-altitude ridge had the lowest species diversity index. On the other hand, mixed mesophytic forest and F. mandshurica forest which were mainly distributed in the valley had higher index. Based on characteristics of species diversity and topographic conditions, successional trends for forest cover types were estimated as follows; 1) Q. mongolica pure forest and A. koreana-Q. mongolica forest would be changed toward Q. mongolica-A. koreana forest. 2) Q. mongolica-Q. serrata forest, distributed between ridge and mid-slope, would be changed toward Q. mongolica-C. laxiflora-C. cordata forest. 3) Q. serrata forest, distributed in mid-slope, would be changed toward Q. serrata-Q. mongolica-C. laxiflora forest. 4) Mixed mesophytic forest, F. mandshurica forest and C. laxiflora forest, distributed in valley, would maintain the current condition in terms of species composition.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 1999.11a
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• pp.386-389
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• 1999

In this study, visible and near infrared channels of NOAA/AVHRR data were used to classify land use and vegetation types over Korean peninsula. Analyzing forest stand structures and prediction of forest productivity using satellite data were also reviewed. Land use and land cover classification was made by unsupervised clustering methods. After monthly Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) composite images were derived from April to November 1998, the derived composite images were used as temporal feature vector's in this clustering analysis. Visually interpreted, the classification result was satisfactory in overall for it matched well with the general land cover patterns. But subclassification of forests into coniferous, deciduous, and mixed forests were much confused due to the effects of low ground resolution of AVHRR data and without defined classification scheme. To investigate into the forest stand structures, digital forest type maps were used as an ancillary data. Forest type maps, which were compiled and digitalized by Forestry Research Institute, were registered to AVHRR image coordinates. Two data sets were compared and percent forest cover over whole region was estimated by multiple regression analysis. Using this method, other forest stand structure characteristics within the primary data pixels are expected to be extracted and estimated.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.51-58
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• 2007

Information on forest type and cover density status of the present and past on large scale (1:50,000) is very much needed for conservation of any forest region. Such large-scale maps are not available for the Eastern Ghats (EG) of Tamil Nadu. This study deals with the preparation of forest type and cover density map of EG of Tamil Nadu during 2003 and the changes it has undergone between 1990 and 2003 using appropriate satellite data. About 10 forest types have been identified and mapped. Major changes have been observed in the forest types such as evergreen, and deciduous.