• BMB Reports
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.318-323
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• 2014

We isolated the phenolic glucoside salicortin from a Populus euramericana bark extract, and examined its ability to suppress inflammatory responses as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying these abilities, using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Salicortin inhibited iNOS expression and the subsequent production of NO in a dose-dependent manner in the LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Salicortin significantly suppressed LPS-induced signal cascades of NF-${\kappa}B$ activation, such as IKK activation, $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ phosphorylation and p65 phosphorylation in RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, salicortin inhibited the LPS-induced activation of JNK, but not ERK or p38 MAPK. Furthermore, salicortin significantly inhibited production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 in the LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. These findings suggest that salicortin may show its anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing the LPS-induced expression of pro-inflammatory mediators through inhibition of NF-${\kappa}B$ and JNK MAPK signaling cascades in macrophages.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.1060-1065
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• 2008

A novel benzoyl glucoside (4) and 13 known phenolic compounds were isolated from the leaves of Camellia japonica by a guided 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The structure of 4 was determined to be 4-hydroxy-2-methoxyphenol 1-O-$\beta$-D-(6'-O-p-hydroxylbenzoyl)-glucopyranoside (camelliadiphenoside). The 13 known compounds were identified as (E)-coniferyl alcohol (1), (-)-epicatechin (2), 4-hydroxyphenol 1-O-$\beta$-D-(6-O-p-hydroxybenzoyl) glucopyranoside (3), naringenin 7-O-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (5), quercetin 3-O-$\beta$-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1$\rightarrow$6)-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (6), kaempferol 3-O-$\beta$-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1$\rightarrow$6)-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (7), (+)-catechin (8), 1,6-di-O-p-hydroxybenzoyl-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (9), phloretin 2'-O-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (10), quercetin 3-O-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (11), quercetin 3-O-$\beta$-D-galactopyranoside (12), kaempferol 3-O-$\beta$-D-galactopyranoside (13), and kaempferol 3-O-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (14). Their chemical structures were determined by the spectroscopic data of fast atom bondardment mass spectrometry (FABMS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Flavonoids having the catechol moiety showed significantly higher DPPH radical scavenging activity than other isolated compounds having monohydroxy phenyl group.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.719-730
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• 2014

Small BAseline Subset (SBAS) technique using multi master interferograms can be effective to detect surface deformation in forest area. In this paper, The analysis reveals area of 2-dimension surface deformation at Seguam Island in Aleutian Arc., Alaska. We acquired ERS-1/2 data from track 201 and 473 datasets on Seguam Island from 1992 to 2008. This study analyze surface deformation applying Differential Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR) and SBAS time series method using two adjacent tracks. As a results, it was calculated that subsidence -1~2 cm in LOS direction and - 2~3 cm in vertical direction. The horizontal direction was repeated contraction and expansion. The observation of 2-dimension displacements explained the volcanic activity on Seguam island. Also, it is believed to be used for basic data to estimate movements of magma source.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 2014

To development of the low toxic preservatives, we prepared 29 kinds of chemicals using dinotefuran of low toxic insecticide, IPBC and propiconazol of fungicide, and clove oil has fungicidal activity, but is harmless to humans. It was conducted to investigate the inhibitory effectiveness of mycelial growth and anti-mold effectiveness to treated PDA medium and wood specimen with prepared chemicals. It was not showed anti-mold effectiveness that solvent and emulsifier form preservatives. Therefor, we thought that only four component, dinotefuran, IPBC, propiconazol and clove oil, has anti-mold effectiveness. In the PDA medium test, the preservative which has much IPBC showed high anti-mold effectiveness. By the wood specimen test, it was known that many prepared preservatives which showed good inhibitory effectiveness of mycelial growth in the PDA medium test, have not anti-mold effectiveness. Of all prepared preservatives in this study, only three preservatives containing dinotefuran and IPBC, or adding clove oil appeared the excellent anti-mold effectiveness.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.134-137
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• 2004

This study was carried out to determine the optimum culture conditions for Phellinus spp. known as white rot fungi showing anti-cancer activity. The optimum solid medium for mycelial growth at $25^{\circ}C$ was potato dextrose agar medium and optimum pH range was $6.0{\sim}8.0$, while all species showed reduced or no growth at pH 4.0. Most species showed good growth at $25{\sim}30^{\circ}C$. Out of 10 species of Phellinus examined, P. biscuspidatus was the best growing fungus in the range of pH $6.0{\sim}7.0$ based on mycelial density. Three species such as P. biscuspidatus, P. johnsonianus and P. lloydii could be grouped in mesophile fungi, showing $30{\sim}35^{\circ}C$ optimum temperature.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.9-19
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• 2009

This research addressed nonpoint source (NPS) pollution characteristics in a reclaimed rice paddy field. The paddy has an area of around 2,998 ha and is divided as two sub-watersheds, whose areas are 1,181 ha and 1,817 ha, respectively. Monitoring of hydrologic runoff and NPS pollution was undertaken during three-month period from June to August, 2008. Totally, three sampling trips were made when rainfall depth were 66.0 mm, 23.5 mm, and 23.0 mm, respectively. Generally pollution load increased with the heavier cultivation activity in Korea. Exported pollutants from the rice paddy, including TSS, TN and TP, have same levels as forest discharge. Organic nitrogen is main pattern but it mainly exists in the forms of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON). For phosphorus, dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) takes the main part although part of them is associated with fine particles. This is different compared with other watersheds, where particles-associated phosphorus is the main form.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.347-351
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• 2008

The methanol (MeOH) extract of the rhizome of Alpinia officinarum Hance (Zingiberaceae) demonstrated a potent inhibition on the proliferation of cultured human tumor cell lines such as MES-SA (human uterine carcinoma cell line), MESSA/DX5 (multidrug resistant subline of MES-SA), HCT-15 (human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line), HCT15/CL02 (multidrug resistant subline of HCT15). The MeOH extract was fractionated into four portions by serial solvent partition, ie., methylene chloride (CH2Cl2) soluble part, ethylacetate (EtOAc) soluble part, n-butanol (BuOH) soluble part and remaining water layer. Among them, the $CH_2Cl_2$ soluble part of the extract exhibited a most potent inhibition on the proliferation of tested tumor cell lines. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the $CH_2Cl_2$ soluble part led to the isolation of five diarylheptanoid and two flavonoid constituents, i. e., galangin (1), 7-(4"-hydroxy-3"-methoxyphenyl)-1-phenylhept-4-en-3-one (2), 1,7-diphenyl-5-hydroxy-3-heptanone (3), trans,trans-1-(3'-methoxy-4'-hydroxyphenyl)-7-phenyl-5-ol-4,6-dien-3-heptanone (4), 5-methoxy-7-(4"-hydroxy-3"-methoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-3-heptanone (5), kaempferide (6), 5-hydroxy-7-(4"-hydroxy-3"-methoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-3-heptanone (7). Structures of the isolated active components (1 - 7) were established by chemical and spectroscopic means.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.27-35
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• 2010

A study examined visitors' satisfaction to urban arboretum in Daejeon metropolitan city, and analyzed utilization status. Also, the study was based on POE. POE is a last phase in the environmental planning and design process that follows the sequence of planning, programing, design construction, and use of a project. Urban arboretum contribute to improvement in the quality of living by providing urban citizens with places for refreshment, natural have important values on urban environment and to promote the quality of life for urbanite. So, the study aims to present data on the human activities responding to the physical environment of 'the Daejeon Hanbat Arboretum' by evaluating visitor's behavior and activity, visiting motivations, preference patterns, and the degree of visitor's satisfaction. This study is conducted by multi-method such as interviews and questionnaires surveys. On-site questionnaire surveys were conducted in the Hanbat arboretum on October 25-31 of 2009. Total of 265 questionnaires were analyzed for this study. The analysis of data was used SPSS 18.0 statistical analysis program. Data from visitors was analyzed by descriptive statistics, frequency analysis, multiple response analysis, and Anova. Then, the outcome will be compared and evaluated to install urban arboretum that reflect the desires of users in the future.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.427-436
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• 2010

In this study this author made research and analysis on physical status and characteristics of community parks in Ik-san provinces and also depending on its potential resources such parks were classified into constructed parks and unconstructed parks and status of use of such parks and level of satisfaction were studied. Through this paper this author strived to provide basic data required for forming green track of land for the parks. Required time for visiting community parks either constructed or unconstructed type was within 40 minutes or less. However constructed parks appeared to be more convenient for access in comparison with natural unconstructed parks. Mostly they were used by residents in neighboring community and also residents in the area around it were found as using it frequently. At the time of using community parks either constructed or unconstructed types means of access were mostly by walking or by riding bicycles. Thus considering large number of users of such parks are from neighboring community it appeared that parks with its simplicity and convenience in terms of distance and with rich nature were preferred by users rather than large scale parks at distance. In terms of time frame of use and motivation of visit constructed parks were used mainly for exercise and relaxation in the morning at parks and its facilities whereas un constructed parks were mostly used in the afternoon for for walking and chatting and rest under with time to spare at shadows of its trees. Time spent at parks were composed mostly of rest and walking more frequently than exercise and leisure activity thus it was different from motivation for visiting parks. As for evaluation of use of parks natural elements, unique environment, trees and lawns featured highly in unconstructed parks in comparison with constructed parks. Thus it seemed visitors are more conscious of forest and landscape in a form of unchanged nature. Thus for community parks first consideration should be heightening accessibility in view of primary concern for convenience by users rather than facilities or environmental conditions.

• Perspectives in Nursing Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.14-22
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• 2015

Purpose: Forests have positive effects on health due to phytoncide, thus increasing physical activity and stress relief. However, research has not been conducted on the daily health benefits of existing forests. Therefore, this study attempts to compare the health status and behaviors of residents in urban and forested areas. Methods: This cross-sectional study used anthropometric measures, blood tests, heart rate variability, depression, stress, and health behavior self-reports for adults between 35 and 79 years from two regions. Results: Adults living in a forested region had better health consequences-including lower prevalence of osteoarthritis (6.4%) and mean bone mineral density (-0.84) -than those in an urban region (osteoarthritis: 13.7%; bone mineral density: -1.55). The percentage of 'physically active' participants (measured in MET-minutes) differed significantly different between the forested (49.1%) and urban (7.3%) areas. However, health behaviors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and regular heath check-up rates were worse among residents from the forested, than the urban area. Conclusion: We concluded that more proactive forest therapy programs are needed to prove the health differences.