• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.45 no.4
• /
• pp.489-497
• /
• 2002

Purpose : The objectives of this study were to investigate the causes of chronic cough and to establish the appropriate diagnostic approach to chronic cough in children. Methods : One hundred and thirty two cases of chronic cough were prospectively evaluated. They visitors to pediatric chronic cough clinics at Kang-nam saint Mary's Hospital of Catholic University from August 2000 to July 2001 for 12 months. Careful history taking by questionnaire, physical examination, radiologic studies of chest and sinus, hematologic and immunologic studies, allergic skin tests, and methacholine challenge tests were performed. Color doppler(CD) ultrasonography were performed and compared with simultaneous 24 Hr. esophageal pH monitoring to diagnose gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD). Results : Age distributions were demonstrated that nine in infants, 82 in early childhood, 38 in late childhood, and three in adolescence. Common causes of chronic cough were bronchial asthma in 40 cases, chronic sinusitis in 22 cases, GERD in seven cases, bronchial asthma combined with sinusitis in 28 cases, bronchial asthma combined with GERD in 14 cases, psychogenic cough in two. cases, foreign body in one case, chronic bronchitis in one case, and bronchiolitis in one case. Comparing with 24 Hr. pH monitoring, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive values of CD ultrasonography were 88%, 69%, 85 %, and 73% respectively. Conclusion : The most common causes of chronic cough in children were bronchial asthma, sinusitis and GERD in order. We suggest that CD ultrasonography can be used as a good, convenient screening method for patients with suspected GERD in outpatient settings.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.183-198
• /
• 1997

This case study was conducted by verification the site characteristics based on the questionnaire and interview obtained from the all factories located at No. 1 developing area in Kumi industrial complex. The site characteristics were presumed from the process of location behavior and spatial linkage. Kumi industrial complex was developed to improve export industry at national levels by providing chief land price and benefiting various tax. Kumi industrial complex which enticed many factories is playing an important role in export industry in Korea. At beginning, the detention of large enterprises promoted the establishment of related small to medium sized factories into the complex. Two distinctive industries. textile and electronic, were reflected by the purpose to establish the complex and industrial characteristics of Taegu city. respectively. In Kumi industrial complex, positive responses on traffic and raw material supply and negative reactions on the environmental impact on social community as well as high labor charge were investigated. Especially the higher labor cost prevented to hire laborers effectively. In the linkages of spatial and raw material, most factories in the complex depended on the availability of out side the Kumi city. For the textile factories, the supply of raw material and parts were relied on Taegu and/or other cities, whereas in electronic factories purchased them mainly from other cities and partly from abroad. Although questionnaire and interview suggested it, most of the parts were supplied by a parts maturing companies on the complex to a few large enterprises. In the marketing linkage, textile factories revealed higher relation-ship with the foreign countries and sewing factories in Korea. On the other hand, electronic factories have strong relation-ships in the marketing linkage to the parts supplying companies in the complex or large-scale resembling companies in other cities. In the textile companies, the right for decision on purchasing raw materials and parts is belonging to the owner whereas mother enterprise usually have the right for the marketing. In the case of the electronic factories, all the purchasing activities are related to the sub-contracting companies. In the service linkage, the Quality of the service created spatial distinction. There was high linkages on inside of Kumi complex for the low grade services such as repairing and installing machines, whereas strong linkages on outside of the complex for the high grade services such as management, law, taxation, new product development. and manufacturing technology. In the linkages of activity on the R&D (research and development), electronic factories do not have sufficiently qualified institutes in the complex. Strong regional linkages in the field of textile and electronic industries revealed limitations of the local industrial complex. In the sub-contracting linkage, high linkage ship within Kumi boundary reflected the characteristics of industrial site in the complex. There, most decisions by the companies centered by the mother enterprise.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
• /
• v.39
• /
• pp.143-175
• /
• 2008

The documentary letter of credit is the most preferred and frequently used method in International Payment System in Korea, as it has less possibility of occurring credit risks in export than any other payment system. That's because the exporter can get payment from the issuing bank(confirming bank) by delivering the goods and presenting documents following the required procedure under the letter of credit, as the payment is affirmed by the issuing bank(including the confirming bank in case of the confirmed letter of credit) regardless of the buyer's payment. However, the pattern of payment methods used in international trade of Korea is changing dramatically like the importance of the credit is decreasing continuously among the payment methods while the remittance is increasing. The increase of remittance has a positive aspect that International Payment System are changing into those of advanced countries, but the decrease of the credit also has a negative aspect that the exporter might have a greater credit risks. Therefore, we need a systematic device to deal with this. Exporters in Korea usually have used the export credit insurance to deal with the credit risks However, the export credit insurance also have a limitation as the policy finance due to the limitation based on the credit status of the business and the limitation of acceptance from the lack of financial resources of the government, etc. Korea, which is the 11th export power in the world, has a basic limitation to deal with the credit risks by depending on the export credit insurance only. So, in this thesis, I have studied on the international factoring, forfaiting, which are advanced export finances and widely used in advanced countries, as substitutes to deal with the credit risks. the international factoring is an trade financing in which a factor offers full services such as credit cover, offering prepayment, collection, account receivables, management, etc, instead of the exporter on the account receivables occurred by the exporter's delivering goods to the importer. This international factoring has a high possibility of using as a means to deal with the credit risks, because it offers prepayment without recourse. the forfaiting is another export financing in which a forfaiter purchases the draft, the promissory note and other negotiable instruments issued from the international trade, with fixed interest rate without recourse from the exporter or previous holder. By using this method, they can avoid foreign exchange risks, contingency risks as well as credit risks, as the conveyances like the promissory note, etc are issued with the note warranty so-called 'per aval' in business practice. These trade financing are good substitutes to deal with the credit risks in export, but they are not widely used in Korea. Though it can be explained with various reasons, the common reasons are the lack of understanding on the use of advanced export finance, the lack of experts to manage the advanced trade finance, the conservative way of thinking of domestic organizations related to trade financing, the lack of organizations supporting the trade financing, etc.

• Journal of the Korean BIBLIA Society for library and Information Science
• /
• v.26 no.4
• /
• pp.31-63
• /
• 2015

This research was based on the investigation of the awarenesses of librarians of issues regarding the privacy of the users of school libraries. It sought to determine if, by raising the issue of the importance of the need for the protection of the personal information of the users of the school libraries, and the implications of not paying attention to the rules in effect, the awareness regarding the privacy of the users of school libraries would be improved. For this, previous research related to the privacy of the students, the legal basis for the protection of the privacy of the domestic and foreign students, and the types of the infringements upon the protection of their personal information were investigated. A survey was conducted to measure the awareness of issues related to the privacy of the users of the library. The research showed the results as follows: First, the awarenesses regarding the privacy of the users of the school libraries appeared low, and low recognition was also found regarding the awareness of the cases of the infringements upon the privacy of the users of the school libraries; regarding the awareness in relation to the protection of privacy; regarding the seriousness of the privacy problems of the users; and regarding the factors that can encroach upon the privacy of the users. Second, regarding the seriousness felt when the library records of the users of the school libraries are leaked to the outside, 41.6% of the respondents responded by saying "It is serious", and 18.4% responded by saying "It is not serious". Third, as a result of investigating the awareness regarding whether the consent of the person concerned is needed in case a third party requests access to reading the records in the library, 68.5% of the respondent responded "It is needed", and only 10.4% responded "It is not needed". Last, in the investigation into whether the respondents had the experience of being educated as to the rules related to the privacy of the users at a school or an external organization, over 80% of the respondents answered that they did not receive it.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.10 no.4
• /
• pp.70-82
• /
• 2007

Aiming at nature's early restoring needs to select plant species harmonizing with surrounding environment that fits to restoring goal of ultimately aiming at woody plants dominant vegetation that protect and stabilize surface parts of bared slopes. And it is important to make it assimilated with surrounding natural vegetation by differentiating planning of seed mixtures. Natural Ecological Restoring Construction Methods (JSB Method) was developed to increase the effect of landscape change according to seasons not to simple hydro-seeding by reducing rate of foreign grasses while raising rate of wild flower using. It was considered that using wild flowers that bloom on each season solved the problems of slope landscapes that looks artificial and uninteresting. After researching environmental condition of the slopes, JSB Method has shown that, as of wet-type method, soil is relatively soft and the difference of thickness of plant base soil media affects on the difference of soil hardness. In case of soil hardness of 8.8~17mm, there's dangerousness of slope's collapsing, but it has shown that growth of plant was favorable. For the acidity of soil, most of them are in the type of neutralized soil of more than pH 6. And after analyzing the degree of woody plants dominance, it had shown that lower part was occupied with wild flowers and other herbaceous species like China pin, golden phesant mum, pitcher plant, and middle and upper part was occupied with woody plants like silk-tree, sumac forming multi-layer structure. It can be concluded that the restoration objects of the woody plant vegetation on the roadside slopes can be accomplished successfully by Natural Ecological Restoring Construction Method (JSB method).

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.2491-2502
• /
• 2014

The main objective of this study is to find out the main fields and methods to create a low carbon green city. Through the findings, we hope to figure out the matters that must be focused on in order to realize a low carbon green city. In order to accomplish this, we organized the main fields and methods of fulfilling this accomplishment by taking a look at recorded documents and past studies related to the creation of low carbon green cities and related concepts. Then a FGI analysis was performed in order to examine suitability and deduct a planning technique. Also, through professional surveys and AHP analysis, we figured out the importance of planning techniques to understand the main characteristics of planning a low carbon green city. We also selected domestic and foreign cases, analysed the actual conditions of applying the deducted planning techniques, and compared the importance of planning techniques in order to see the difference between our plans and real results. 15 planning techniques were deducted and divided into 5 groups. The importance analysis and case analysis showed the following to be the main elements in planning the creation of a low carbon green city: compact high-density development, a traffic system revolving around pedestrians, active utilization of new and renewable energy, and establishment of a recycling system for waste.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
• /
• v.3 no.1 s.4
• /
• pp.53-65
• /
• 2004

A series of accidents, which are non-recurrent and non-anticipated, are called incidents. These incidents make standard traffic flows interrupt, which result in the decrease of road capacity and a number of social and economic costs, such as the traffic congestion and air pollution. In order to prevent the hazard of incidents, domestic and foreign traffic management center are likely to opt auto-sense system with algorithms of auto-incident sense. However, it is evaluated that the algorithms have a low function with frequent wrong alarms, even if they accurately ry to speculate the incidents. In the case of bottleneck which has lack of road capacity, compared with other roads, due to inefficient road structured over-capacity of the demand of on-off ramp, the incidents regularly take place. Nonetheless, it can be more difficult to speculate the auto-incidents sense owing to similar incidents, such as the queue of in-out flows of cars and the change of road line. Throughout this research, the function of the model has improved excluding near road line in the module of the incidents which is based on the auto-incidents algorithms during the sense of the congestion of ramp areas.

• Korean Security Journal
• /
• no.33
• /
• pp.27-49
• /
• 2012

"Do not ask crimes", such as "child sexual abuse" and according to the known through media reports, the people's fear and worry increasingly severe become and the damage increasing day by day and is Still unable to find effective countermeasures that national security policy is a reality. In this study, the result was the development of new security equipment for the purpose of the research team to the solution of the problem of domestic policing these sexual offenses prevention of GPS applications and existing smartphone to suit the era of 20 million development in the online and offline sales and is proposed to complement the problems of the samdanbong multifunction smart samdanbong. First, the function will be applied according to the trend due to the increase of heinous crime, both online and offline sales surge in self-defense products that are being sold on the market, finding problems samdanbong of smart multifunctional smart samdanbong the actual crime and the corresponding effective products were planning to have a secure management system, through a legal review on the current law. Second, sexual offenses, such as Internet use, travel, residential location, and management of sexual offenses Felon Felon's daily life strictly sexual offenses prevention of GPS applications to the characteristics of the sexual offenses scrutinized nearly enough to the frequency of recurrence of 50% is high, look at the case of foreign proposed the streets of sex offenders and the development of applications that can be checked in real-time by considering the basic characteristics to manage.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.211-238
• /
• 2005

Korea is far behind other OECD countries in economy-wise productivity: Korea's labor productivity in terms of GDP per hour worked is the lowest among OECD countries. Against the existing productivity gap, there is a worrying sign in Korea's investment trend - rapid fall in machinery and equipment investment with slow increase in R&D investment. The challenge facing Korea is how to transform her economy from catching-up model to a knowledge-based one. The paper shows that, in tandem with the structural changes that today's Korean industries are experiencing, industry's innovation system is also changing. Innovation networks are emerging as the result of economy-wise restructuring since the financial crisis of 1997 and, though still not a dominant force, the newly emerging innovation networks will be the main threads of industry's innovation activities in the future. The changes in industrial innovation system would positively contribute in raising the productivity of the Korean economy. The paper contains a case study on Korea's automobile industry in order to highlight some of main characteristics of the structural changes, in addition to a chapter that gives an overview of the evolutionary paths of the Korea's industrial innovation. The paper assesses that changes can be considered as a positive sign of future growth perspective; but there are further challenges to make the Korea's industrial innovation system effective. The list of such challenges includes strengthening upstream sectors of currently leading industries, expanding the innovation base to SME and promoting technological co-operation between domestic firms and foreign firms.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
• /
• v.11 no.4
• /
• pp.95-108
• /
• 2020

A coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new global health problem. The Korean government is pursuing to gain its future growth engines and promoting short-term economic stimulation by investing in research and development (R&D) to improve national technological capabilities that can respond to the spread of the global epidemic. It is required to need knowledge information to establish the direction of future national planning thru understanding the status quo of R&D investment in terms of research fields. Four corona-related R&D fields were drawn on the basis of analyzing major nations' R&D funding data (USA, EU etc.) and two differentiated R&D fields were added through comparative analysis with domestic R&D projects. Domestic and foreign research organization-the research title-the scale of the research funding-the project period were presented in terms of the suggested 6(7 details) R&D research fields. Meanwhile R&D projects that have featured in the convergence of interdisciplinary were provided. This study proved the excellence of coronavirus detection and on-site diagnostic capabilities that are currently globally highlighted by deriving differentiated research fields from the domestic competitive advantage fields related to corona viruses and also suggested intensive investment research fields.