• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2003.06a
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• pp.215-218
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• 2003

Nano-scale experiments for adhesion force and friction force were performed with AFM/FFM. In macro-scale, the friction coefficient is constant without relating to the change of contact area. However, many papers have indicated that in nano-scale, the friction coefficient is related to the contact area. Contact area would increase with the normal force. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the trend of the friction coefficient of Si(100) and Mica according to the normal force and then. the contact area was calculated by JKR-theory. Results showed the friction coefficient was constant under 180 nm$^2$ contact area and over 180 nm$^2$ contact area, it was degraded. Moreover. the friction coefficient was constant according to the adhesion force.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.645-650
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• 2000

In the prestressed concrete structures, the effective prestressing force of tendon is basically most important item for structural safety and serviceability. The frictional loss is one of the major items for determinating the effective prestressing force and depend on the construction accuracy of the structures. In this thesis, it will be analyzed and found through measured hydraulic jack pressure, tendon elongation and prestressing control system that the tendancy of apparent curvature friction coefficient, the ratio of jacking force and required prestressing force, the ratio of initial jacking force and required prestressing force and compatibility of specified friction loss coefficient. The specified control limit for curvature friction coefficient of prestressing control system is about 0.25 and wobble friction coefficient 0.005. Thus, the control limit should be modified according to changed vale of friction coefficient.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.30-34
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• 2012

A safety helmet is a personal protective equipment to protect the head from falling and flying objects. A safety helmet has the maximum delivered impact force as shock absorption performance, the lower delivered impact force the better performance, which was not a controlled variety during manufacturing safety helmet. Accordingly there were some difficulties in establishing the standard for improved performance as there was not a clear controllable impact force for improved performance. In this study the shock absorption performance was intended to be found as coefficient of restitution related to impulse. As a research method, a coefficient of restitution during the absorption of shock was calculated using the impulse transferred to pharynx utilizing the safety helmet shock absorption performance testing device based on the theory of momentum and impulse. The estimated impulsive force curve was derived assuming that shock was not absorbed using the measured data. The sample was selected as tested goods of ABS material for safety certification available mainly in the market. As a result of study, the maximum delivered impact force of safety helmet made by a domestic safety certified a company was 735 N, and its coefficient of restitution proved to be 0.64. The smaller coefficient of restitution is, the lower maximum delivered impact force and the higher shock absorption performance. The coefficient of restitution can be used as a performance index of safety helmet.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1995

One of the most destructive forces around greenhouses is wind. Wind loads can be obtained by multiplying velocity pressure by dimensionless wind force coefficient. Generally, wind force coefficients can be determined by wind tunnel experiments. The wind force coefficient distribution on a single - span arched greenhouse was estimated using experimental data and compared with reported values from various countries. The results obtained are as follows : 1. The coefficients obtained from this study agree with the values proposed by G. L. Nelson except about 0.5 of difference in the middle region of roof section. This discrepancy is mainly attributed to the dissimilarity of experimental conditions (or wind tunnel test such as Reynolds number, type of terrain, surface roughness of model, location of the lapping and measuring methods. 2. Considering that the wind force coefficients are varied along the height of a wall at wind direction perpendicular to wall, structural analysis using subdivided wind force coefficient distribution is more resonable for wall. 3. It is recommendable that wind force coefficient distribution on a roof should take more subdivision than the existing four equal divisions for more accurate structural design. 4. Structural design using wind forces close to real values is more advantageous in safety and expense.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.145-151
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• 1996

Wind force coefficients of multi-span arched greenhouses with respect to wind direction of $0^{\circ}$ and $30^{\circ}$ were estimated to give more reasonable coefficient. The conventional and subdivided division types of wind force coefficient distribution diagrams were constructed by using the wind tunnel experimental data. Bending moments on the greenhouses were determined through structural analysis using obtained wind force coefficients, and were analyzed. Because actual wind pressure values on a face of greenhouse varied with locations, the more divisions of wind force coefficient distribution were subdivided, the better distribution type was coincided with actual state. In order to calculate the more accurate section force occurred on the arched greenhouse by the wind loads, it was recommendable that the wind force coefficient distribution should take more subdivision type. The maximum bending moment at the multi-span greenhouse frame at wind direction of $30^{\circ}$ was greater than that at O。, therefore the wind force coefficient at inclined wind direction to the wall was needed to be considered for the multi-span greenhouse structural design.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.481-484
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• 2008

The important factor to evaluate the running safety of a railway vehicle would be the interaction force between wheel and rail(derailment coefficient), for which is one of important factors to check the running safety of a railway vehicle that may cause a tragic accident. Element that analyze derailment coefficient is consisted of wheel load and lateral force. In this paper, studied about method that calculate vertical force(wheel load) by bending load of axle in rolling stocks.

• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
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• v.4 no.1 s.10
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• pp.35-41
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• 2005

An air levitation type wafer transfer system is composed of control and transfer track. Wafer transfer speed is mainly affected by air velocity of propulsion nozzle. In this study, the propulsion force coefficient was evaluated experimentally for the nozzle with 0.5mm, 0.8mm, and 1.0mm diameter. As a result, the propulsion force was largest in the smallest size of nozzle at same air velocity. The propulsion force coefficient of nozzle increases with reducing diameter of nozzle. This increment of propulsion force coefficient was enlarged remarkably at the 0.5mm diameter of nozzle.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.230-236
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• 2003

In applications such as MEMS and NEMS devices, the adhesion force and contact load may be of the same order of magnitude and the static friction coefficient can be very large. Such large coefficient may result in unacceptable and possibly catastrophic adhesion, stiction, friction and wear. To obtain the static friction coefficient of contacting real surfaces without the assumption of an empirical coefficient value, numerical simulations of the contact load, tangential force, and adhesion force are preformed. The surfaces in dry contact are statistically modeled by a collection of spherical asperities with Gaussian height distribution. The asperity micro-contact model utilized in calculation (the ZMC model), considers the transition from elastic deformation to fully plastic flow of the contacting asperity. The force approach of the modified DMT model using the Lennard-Jones attractive potential is applied to characterize the intermolecular forces. The effect of the surface topography on the static friction coefficient is investigated for cases rough, intermediate, smooth, and very smooth, respectively. Results of the static friction coefficient versus the external force are presented for a wide range of plasticity index and surface energy, respectively. Compared with those obtained by the GW and CEB models, the ZMC model is more complete in calculating the static friction coefficient of rough surfaces.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.7-12
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• 2012

The cutting force for peripheral end-milling considering run-out property was estimated and its result was compared with that of measured one. An experimental coefficient modelling was used for the formulation of theoretical end-milling force by considering the specific cutting force coefficient. Also, the specific cutting force, that is the multiplication of specific cutting force coefficient and uncut chip thickness, was used for the prediction of end-milling force. The end-milling force mechanics with run-out was presented for the estimation of theoretical force in peripheral end-milling by considering the geometric shape of the workpiece part. As a result, the estimated end-milling force shows a good consistency with the measured one. And it can be used for the prediction of force history in end-milling with run-out which incurs different start and exit immersion angle in entering and exiting condition.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.332-337
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• 2011

The object of this experimental study is to investigate influences of vibrator amplitude on clamping force in vibration for bolted joint. The experiment is that change the vibrator amplitude to check clamping force. also the friction coefficient calculated by equation to use an obtained in experiments. The main purpose of generation vibrations is decreasing the clamping force dispersion. also If vibration occurs while tightening the bolt is reduced coefficient of friction. In this paper, In experiments to measure the clamping force before vibrator's amplitude changing. Vibrator's amplitude changes to 5.5mm from 4.4mm. As a result, under various vibration condition, relationship of clamping force and Vibrator amplitude.