• Title/Summary/Keyword: forage grass

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The Physiological Suppressing Factors of Dry Forage Intake and the Cause of Water Intake Following Dry Forage Feeding in Goats - A Review

  • Sunagawa, Katsunori;Nagamine, Itsuki
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.29 no.2
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    • pp.159-169
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    • 2016
  • The goats raised in the barn are usually fed on fresh grass. As dry forage can be stored for long periods in large amounts, dry forage feeding makes it possible to feed large numbers of goats in barns. This review explains the physiological factors involved in suppressing dry forage intake and the cause of drinking following dry forage feeding. Ruminants consume an enormous amount of dry forage in a short time. Eating rates of dry forage rapidly decreased in the first 40 min of feeding and subsequently declined gradually to low states in the remaining time of the feeding period. Saliva in large-type goats is secreted in large volume during the first hour after the commencement of dry forage feeding. It was elucidated that the marked suppression of dry forage intake during the first hour was caused by a feeding-induced hypovolemia and the loss of $NaHCO_3$ due to excessive salivation during the initial stages of dry forage feeding. On the other hand, it was indicated that the marked decrease in feed intake observed in the second hour of the 2 h feeding period was related to ruminal distension caused by the feed consumed and the copious amount of saliva secreted during dry forage feeding. In addition, results indicate that the marked decreases in dry forage intake after 40 min of feeding are caused by increases in plasma osmolality and subsequent thirst sensations produced by dry forage feeding. After 40 min of the 2 h dry forage feeding period, the feed salt content is absorbed into the rumen and plasma osmolality increases. The combined effects of ruminal distension and increased plasma osmolality accounted for 77.6% of the suppression of dry forage intake 40 min after the start of dry forage feeding. The results indicate that ruminal distension and increased plasma osmolality are the main physiological factors in suppression of dry forage intake in large-type goats. There was very little drinking behavior observed during the first hour of the 2 h feeding period most water consumption occurring in the second hour. The cause of this thirst sensation during the second hour of dry forage feeding period was not hypovolemia brought about by excessive salivation, but rather increases in plasma osmolality due to the ruminal absorption of salt from the consumed feed. This suggests the water intake following dry forage feeding is determined by the level of salt content in the feed.

Compositional analysis by NIRS diode array instrumentation on forage harvesters

  • Andreashaeusler, Michael Rode;Christian, Paul
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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    • 2001.06a
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    • pp.1619-1619
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    • 2001
  • Ourwork aims to assess the content of dry matter, protein, cell wall parameters and water soluble carbohydrates in forages without having to handle samples, transport them to a laboratory, dry, grind and chemically analyze them. for this purpose, the concept of fresh forage analysis under field conditions by means of compact integrated NIRS InGaAs-diode array instruments on small plot harvesters is being evaluated for plant breeding trials. This work was performed with the world first commercial experimental forage plot harvester equipped with a NIRS module for the collection, compression, and scanning of forage samples (including automatic referencing and dark current measure ments). It was used for harvesting and analyzing a number of typical forage grass and forage legume plot trials. After NIRS measurements in the field each sample was again analyzed in the laboratory by means of a conventional grating spectrometer equipped with Si-and PbS-detectors. Conventional laboratory analysis of the samples was restricted to dry matter (DM) content by means of oven drying at 105. Routine chemometric procedures were then employed to assess the comparative accuracy and precision of the DM assessments in the spectral range between 950 and 1650nm by the NIRS diode array as well as by the conventional NIRS scanning instrument. The results of this study confirmed that the type of NIRS diode array instrument employed here functioned well even in rugged field operations. further refinements proved to be necessary for optimizing the automatic filling of the sample compartment to adjust for the wide variation in forage material under conditions of extremely low or high harvest yields. The error achieved in calibrating the apparatus for forages of typical DM content proved to be satisfactory (SECV < 1.0). Possibly as a consequence of higher sampling errors, its performance in atypical forages with elevated DM contents was less satisfactory. The error level obtained on the conventional grating NIR spectrometer was similar to that of the diode array instrument for both types of forage.

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Optimum Forage Sources and Its Ratio in TMR for Environmently-friendly Goat Feeding: In vitro Rumen Fermentation Study (친환경 흑염소 사양을 위한 최적 조사료 초종 및 TMR 혼합비 비율: In vitro 반추위 발효 연구)

  • Ryu, Chaehwa;Lee, Jinwook;Kim, Kwan-Woo;Lee, Sung-Soo;Bak, Hyeryeon;Jeon, Eunjeong;Park, Myungsun;Choi, Nag-Jin
    • Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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    • v.28 no.4
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    • pp.605-614
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    • 2020
  • This study was conducted to investigate the effects of TMR on in vitro rumen fermentation and methane production of goat with different forage sources. The experiment was arranged 4×2 factorial design. The different forage sources were rice straw (RS), Italian rye grass (IR), timothy (TI) and alfalfa (AL), respectively. There were two different forage : concentrate ratios such as 20:80 (20) and 50:50 (50), respectively. Therefore, totally 8 treatments were used: 1) RS20, 2) RS50, 3) IR20, 4) IR50, 5) TI20, 6) TI50, 7) AL20, and 8) AL50, respectively. The rumen fluid of goat was collected from the slaughterhouse. For fermentation parameters, ruminal pH, total gas, methane, hydrogen, ammonia nitrogen, and volatile fatty acid were determined. The pH values were within an optimal range across all treatments. Total gas productions at TI20 and AL50 were significantly greater than others (p<0.05). Methane production was significantly lower in TI and AL compared with other treatments (p<0.05). The relatively high dietary NDF content in treatments showed significantly lower methane production (p<0.05). Significant alterations treatments were detected at ammonia nitrogen concentration according to the ratio of forage : concentrate (p<0.05). AL treatment showed greater total volatile fatty acid production compared with other treatments (p<0.05). Therefore, the present study suggests that both Timothy and Alfalfa could be recommendable forage sources for goat based on results with volatile fatty acid as an energy source and methane as an index for energy loss and environmental issues. Also, the 50:50 (forage : concentrate) ratio would prefer to 20:80.

Effects of Seeding Rate on Forage Yield and Chemical Composition of Echinochloa crusglli Var. Frumentacea(Roxb) Wight In Jeju Region (제주지역에서 파종량 차이에 따른 청예피의 사료수량 및 조성분 변화)

  • 조남기;강영길;송창길;고영순;조영일
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.21 no.4
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    • pp.225-232
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    • 2001
  • In order to identify the optimum seeding rate of Jeju barnyard grass (Echinochloa crusgalli var. fiurnentacea(Roxb) Wight), 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 kilograms per a hectare were planted in April 16, 2000, respectively. The growth characterization, the yield and chemical composition were then investigated in June 28(1st cutting) and August 30(2nd cutting), 2000. According to increasing the seeding rate, plant height(155.5 to 162 cm), the yield of fresh forage(61 to 73 MT/ha), dry matter forage(11.9 to 16.9 MT/ha), crude protein(0.9 to 1.6 MT/ha), and TDN(6.1 to 9.7 MT/ha) were gradually increased until the seeding furrow, 35 kg/ha. In 40 kg/ha of seeding furrow, however, those results were decreased than that of the former seeding furrow. The contents of crude protein(7.4 to 10.4%), ether extract(3.3 to 5.2%), nitrogen free extract(46.4 to 47.8%), and TDN(52.1 to 60.4%) were also similar to those of the plant heights and the each yield excepted the seeding furrow, 40 kg/ha. Namely, the each results about the contents increased in 40kg/ha of seeding furrow. According to increasing the seeding rate, the stem diameter, number of leaves, number of withering leaves, and fresh weight were gradually decreased. The contents of crude fiber(30.3 to 27.5%) and crude ash(12.7 to 9.0%) were also decreased These results showed that the optimum seeding rate for the best of the feed production was the seeding furrow, 35 kg/ha.

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A Study on the Cultivation of Forage Crops in Amur Oblast - An Alternative Measure of Preparations for Conclusion of the FTA - (아무르 주의 사료작물 재배에 대한 일고 - FTA 체결에 대한 대비책의 일환 -)

  • Kim, Jong-Heon
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.27 no.1
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    • pp.67-76
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    • 2007
  • The conclusion of free Trade Agreement between South Korea and USA can become a serious threat to the Korean agriculture. On the strategic scheme the foodstuffs is the basis for protection of the state sovereignty. The Amur oblast of Russian Federation is region, which can supply South Korea cheap and good qualitative feeds. It means South Korea should create agricultural cooperation with the Amur oblast of Russian Federation with the purpose to begin organic agriculture in this area and it will help South Korea to counteract a quantitative attack on Korea from the side of american agricultural production. In the Amur oblast there are following fodder crops; Alfalfa, Smooth brome grass (gromus adonis L.), Siberian couch grass, Sudan pass, Colza rape (Brassica napus) and Amaranth (Avfranthus). In the same area also exist oatmeal, wheat, corn and barley, which is possible to use for feeds. All these above written cultures are cultivated organically, therefore it is possible to use them as organic forages in South Korea. It is very important to know system of crop rotation in the Amur oblast. There is a scheme of crop rotation, which is connected with increase and preservation of fertility of soil, maintenance of growth of productivity of agricultural cultures and reception of high-quality production. It is necessary to begin organic agriculture in a southern part of Amur oblast, where, in 2001 year, 97% of all sowing areas was concentrated. The acidity degree of soil in this part is not high ($ph5.1{\sim}5.5$), therefore does not require liming.

Cattle Production on Small Holder Farms in East Java, Indonesia: II. Feeds and Feeding Practices

  • Marjuki, Marjuki;Zemmelink, G.;Ibrahim, M.N.M.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.13 no.2
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    • pp.226-235
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    • 2000
  • A survey on feeding practices was conducted with thirty-one cattle farmers belonging to three categories: households without land and no income from agricultural labour (Class 100;10 farms), households without land but deriving considerable income from agricultural labour (Class 101;10 farms), and households with land and without income from agricultural labour (Class 110;11 farms). Information on the types of feeds given of one year. In addition, samples of the feeds offered and refused were collected every two weeks and analysed for dry matter, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) and in vitro organic matter digestibility (OMD). Grass was usually cut at an early stage of growth, as such the CP(11.8%) and OMD (62%) were relatively high. All types of rice straw (whole, lower and upper part) and sugarcane forage (tops and leaves) were low in CP (<6 and <8.9%, respectively) and OMD (<45 and <47%, respectively). Rice bran and tofu waste was of much better quality than any other feed. The average number of different feeds in the rations (mean of all farms) was 1.98, with a lower value for class 101 (1.80), than for classes 100 and 110 (2.11 and 2.02, respectively). Of the total amount of OM consumed, 42% was rice straw, 21% grass, 19% maize forage, 10% sugarcane forage, <4% other forages (soya and groundnut straw), 1.3% rice bran and 2.9% tofu waste. The total amount of OM offered varied from <80 $g/kg^{0.75}/d$ in August/September to 1.5 times as much in May (P<0.01). The intake of digestible organic matter (IDOM) for farm class 110 ($37.7g/kg^{0.75}/d$) was significantly (p<0.001) lower than that for classes 100 and 101 (44.1 and $41.3g/kg^{0.75}/d$, respectively). The highest CP/IDOM ratio was recorded for farm class 101 (0.201 as compared to 0.181-0.184).

Study on Botanical Composition of Native Pasture in Cheju by Quadrat Method -Especially at 200m above sea level- (제주도 방목용 야초지의 식생조사에 관한 연구 -해발 200m를 중심으로-)

  • 양창범;정창조
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.9 no.1
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    • pp.56-61
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    • 1989
  • A vegetation survey of the native pasture was conducted in Cheju from July to September, 1980. The purpose of this investigation were, to determine the botanical composition of the native pasture and to estimate how they can be improved to the feed resources of livestock industry. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Grass species existed in native pasture were 64 species with Pwceae 13, Fabaceae 8, Carduacea 12 and other 31. Most of them were identified as perennial grasses. 2. Botanical composition of major grass species were Imperata cylindrim 32.7 %, Pteridium aquilinum 18.9 70, Miscanthus sinensis 8.4 %, and Arternisia japonicn 2.8 % respectively. 3. The average dry matter yield of forage taken on the native pasture was 383 kg per 10a and these yields were increased as the growing stages progressed. 4. Seasonal distribution of edible plants were increased as the growing stages progressed.

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Development of Real-time PCR Assay Based on Hydrolysis Probe for Detection of Epichloë spp. and Toxic Alkaloid Synthesis Genes

  • Lee, Ki-Won;Woo, Jae Hoon;Song, Yowook;Rahman, Md Atikur;Lee, Sang-Hoon
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.42 no.3
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    • pp.201-207
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    • 2022
  • Fescues, which are widely cultivated as grasses and forages around the world, are often naturally infected with the endophyte, Epichloë. This fungus, transmitted through seeds, imparts resistance to drying and herbivorous insects in its host without causing any external damage, thereby contributing to the adaptation of the host to the environment and maintaining a symbiosis. However, some endophytes, such as E. coenophialum synthesize ergovaline or lolitrem B, which accumulate in the plant and impart anti-mammalian properties. For example, when livestock consume excessive amounts of grass containing toxic endophytes, problems associated with neuromuscular abnormalities, such as convulsions, paralysis, high fever, decreased milk production, reproductive disorders, and even death, can occur. Therefore, pre-inoculation with non-toxic endogenous fungi or management with endophyte-free grass is important in preventing damage to livestock and producing high-quality forage. To date, the diagnosis of endophytes has been mainly performed by observation under a microscope following staining, or by performing an immune blot assay using a monoclonal antibody. Recently, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based molecular diagnostic method is gaining importance in the fields of agriculture, livestock, and healthcare given the method's advantages. These include faster results, with greater accuracy and sensitivity than those obtained using conventional diagnostic methods. For the diagnosis of endophytes, the nested PCR method is the only available option developed; however, it is limited by the fact that the level of toxic alkaloid synthesis cannot be estimated. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to develop a triplex real-time PCR diagnostic method that can determine the presence or absence of endophyte infection using DNA extracted from seeds within 1 h, while simultaneously detecting easD and LtmC genes, which are related to toxic alkaloid synthesis. This new method was then also applied to real field samples.

A Comparative Study of Dry Matter Yield and Nutritive Value of Mixtures on the Different Grass Species and Seeding Rates (초종과 파종비율을 달리한 혼파초지의 건물수량과 품질 비교 연구)

  • Lee, In-Duk;Lee, Hyung-Suk
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.27 no.2
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    • pp.101-108
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    • 2007
  • The object of this experiment was to investigate the effect of mixture which consist of different seeding rates and species on dry matter yield and quality in Daejon area. The field trials were conducted from 2003 to 2005 at Chungnam National University in order to evaluate the dry matter yield and quality of different mixture. The experimental design includes three mixture types: Conventional mixtures, CM{orchardgrass(Potomac) 50% + tall fescue (Fawn)20% + Kentucky bluegrass(Kenblue) 20% + white clover(Regal) 10%}, red clover + mixtures, RM{orchardgrass(Potomac) 40% + tall fescue(Fawn) 20% + Kentucky bluegrass(Kenblue) 10% + red clover(Kenland) 30%) and Turf type grass + mixtures, TM {orchardgrass (Potomac) 50% + turf type grass (tall fescue, Millennium 20% + Kentucky bluegrass, Midnight 10% + perennial ryegrass, Palmer III 10%) + white clover(Regal) 10%}. The average DM yield for 2 years of red clover+mixture(11,656kg/ha) was higher than those of the other mixtures(p<0.05). The content of crude protein and dry manu digestibility were higher in red clover+mixture than in other mixtures(p<0.05). but, the content of fibrous compounds like as NDF, ADF, cellulose and lignin were lower in red clover+mixture than in other mixtures(p<0.05). The crude protein dry matter(CPDM) yield was higher in red clover + mixture(2,832kg/ha) than in conventional mixture(2,372kg/ha) and turf type + mixture(2,266kg/ha)(p<0.05). The digestible dry matter (DDM) yield was higher in red clover + mixture(8,881 kg/ha) than in conventional mixture(8,255kg/ha) and turf type + mixture(7,314kg/ha)(p<0.05). In botanical composition at last cutting time in 2005, conventional mixture were maintained orchardgrass 45%, tall fescue 22%, Kentucky bluegrass 5% and white clover 24%. Red clover + mixture were maintained orchardgrass 40%, tall fescue 22%, Kentucky bluegrass 4% and red clover 31%. turf type + mixture were orchardgrass 37%, tall fescue 23%, Kentucky bluegrass 6%, perennial ryegrass 8% and white clover 24%, respectively. As summary, DM yields and quality of mixture species and seeding rates were observed significant difference. The results of this experiment indicated that red clover + mixture was more effective in enhancing the DM yield and forage quality in Daejon area.

Study on the Dry Matter Yield and Chemical Composition of Wildflower Pasture (야생화 도입 초지의 건물수량 및 품질에 관한 연구)

  • 김득수;이인덕;이형석
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.21 no.3
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    • pp.115-122
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    • 2001
  • The purpose of this study was to suggest the possibility of utilizing the wildflower pasture as the livestock herbage sources as well as promoting the public interests. Not only dry matter (DM) yield and soil properties of pastures were observed, but also chemical composition of herbages was analyzed. The experimental design includes four treatments: Conventional pasture(COP, forage 6 species), Bottomgrass pasture(BOP, turf grass 6 species), Native wildflower pasture(NWP, turf grass 6 species + native wildflower 11 species) and Introduced wildflower pasture(IWP, turf grass 6 species + introduced wildflower 9 species). The field trials were carried out on the experimental pasture plots at Chungnam National University throughout from 1997 to 2000. The results obtained are as follows : 1. As wildflower pasture was composed of turf grasses and wildflowers, the yearly mean of DM yield in the wildflower pastures (NWP 6,688kg/ha and IWP 7,240kg/ha) was lower than that of COP(8,592kg/ha) or BOP(7,264kg/ha)(p<0.05). This result indicated that the forage productivity of wildflower pasture for livestock is low. 2. The nutritive quality of herbages from wildflower pasture tended to be slightly low compared to that of COP and BOP. On the other hand, compared with IWP, the content of CP, NDF and lignin of herbages from NWP were lower than those from IWP, while IVDMD was higher(p<0.05). 3. The pH and the content of exchangeable Ca in NWP and IWP soils were tended to be low compared to those of COP in changes of soil properties after 3-years experimental trials, while the contents of organic matter, nitrogen, available phosphate, Mg and K were slightly improved. In conclusion, even though DM yield seem to be lower in wildflower pasture than those of COP, and the nutritive quality of herbages from wildflower pasture tended to be slightly low compared to that of COP and BOP. but, possibility of utilizing herbages from wildflower pasture for livestock was to some extent expected. In addition. compared to COP, wildflower pastures improved the property of soil. Thus, although wildflower pasture was not enough for livestock as a herbage, wildflower pasture has enough possibility for promoting the public interest.

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