• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.390-408
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• 2019

Objectives: Several pattern diagnosis questionnaires have been developed to objectify the process of pattern diagnosis in Korean medicine. In this context, this study aimed to develop a food retention questionnaire for functional dyspepsia (FRQ-FD) by modifying the previously developed food retention questionnaire (FRQ) and to verify its reliability and validity. Furthermore, this study aimed to identify the optimal cut-off value of the FRQ-FD for standardization and use in clinical situations. Methods: To develop the FRQ-FD, we extracted the major symptoms of food retention pattern for functional dyspepsia from Chinese/Korean medicine textbooks and requested an importance survey from experts using the Delphi method. The first draft of the FRQ-FD was composed of 25 questions comprising 8 questions from the textbooks and the Delphi method and 17 questions from the FRQ already developed in 2013. To analyze its reliability, validity, and optimal cut-off value, 60 subjects were enrolled in this study from June 25 to August 13, 2018. Thirty patients were diagnosed as both functional dyspepsia and food retention pattern, and 30 healthy participants were not. All participants were requested to fill up the FRQ-FD, Stomach Qi Deficiency Questionnaire (SQDQ), Scale for Stomach Qi Deficiency pattern (SSQD), visual analog scale (VAS) for dyspepsia, Nepean Dyspepsia Index-Korean version (NDI-K), and functional dyspepsia-related quality of life (FD-QoL). Results: No statistically significant differences were found in sex distribution, age, and body mass index between the patient group and the control group. As five questions affected the reliability negatively and three questions affected the clinical validity negatively, we decided to exclude the eight questions upon further investigation. The Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ coefficient of the revised FRQ-FD (17 items) was 0.899, and its clinical validity was verified. Construct validity was analyzed by factor analysis and produced five factors. Statistically significant positive correlations were found between the revised FRQ-FD and the other dyspepsia scales, namely, SQDQ, SSQD, VAS, NDI-K, and FD-QoL. VAS and NDI-K especially had strong positive correlations with FRQ-FD. Conclusions: The FRQ-FD developed in this study can provide fundamental reliability and validity for a pattern diagnosis questionnaire. FRQ-FD can help to diagnose food retention pattern in functional dyspepsia patients. Further studies are required to inspect several statistical factors.

• 한방비만학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.25-34
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• 2011

Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of diagnostic pattern questionnaire associated with Body Mass Index in premenopausal women. Methods We studied 41 patients visiting Gangdong Kyung Hee University Hospital from 1st April 2011 to 25th May 2011. The subjects were categorized in two groups, overweight & obesity group (n=12) and low weight & normal group (n=29). We studied the difference of diagnostic pattern questionnaire scores between two groups by Independent samples T-test and correlation between diagnostic pattern questionnaire scores of overweight & obesity group by Pearson's correlation coefficient test using SPSS for windows (version 13.0). Results Blood stasis, retention of undigested food, cold pattern scores of overweight & obesity group were non-significantly higher than low weight & normal group. Heat pattern score of overweight & obesity group was significantly higher than low weight & normal group. Cold-heat, phlegm-cold, blood stasis-cold, phlegm-blood stasis, phlegm-retention of undigested food significantly showed positive correlation coefficient in overweight & obesity group. Conclusions The results suggest that obese women tend to show heat pattern. It seems to be that multiple factors such as phlegm, blood stasis, retention of undigested food are causative of obesity.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.1173-1183
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• 2021

Objectives: This study investigated the clinical characteristics of functional dyspepsia (FD) patients with food retention (FR) in regard to the parameters of cutaneous electrogastrography (EGG), Ryodoraku, and heart rate variability (HRV). Methods: This study reviewed the clinical records of 33 FD patients with FR who filled out the FR Questionnaire for FD (FRQ-FD) and underwent EGG for six months from March 1st, 2021. We summarized the clinical characteristics of FD patients with FR and analyzed the correlation between FRQ-FD score and parameters of EGG, Ryodoraku, and HRV. Results: FRQ-FD scores had a positive correlation with percentage of postprandial bradygastria and negative correlation with power ratio, detected on Channel 2, 3 of EGG. The total average (TA) Ryodoraku score was lower, and the high frequency density (HF) of HRV was higher than the normal value. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that clinicians can use EGG, Ryodoraku, and HRV to increase the accuracy of diagnosing FR in FD patients.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.369-389
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• 2019

Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the correlation between Ryodoraku diagnosis and three pattern identification questionnaires, namely, Spleen Qi Deficiency, Stomach Qi Deficiency, and Food Retention in functional dyspepsia (FD) patients. Methods: Forty FD patients who met the Rome IV diagnostic criteria for FD participated in this study. The Ryodoraku test was conducted, and three pattern identification questionnaires were filled up by all patients. The average Ryodoraku score was called total average (TA), and the scores on the Ryodoraku points were measured. The degree of Spleen Qi Deficiency, Stomach Qi Deficiency, and Food Retention was assessed by Spleen Qi Deficiency questionnaire (SQDQ), Scale for Stomach Qi Deficiency pattern (SSQD), and Food Retention Questionnaire (FRQ). Results: The TA scores in the SQDQ patient group were lower than those in the SQDQ control group (p=0.091). The TA scores in the SSQD patient group were higher than those in the SSQD control group (p=0.651). The TA scores in the FRQ patient group were lower than those in the FRQ control group (p=0.851). The scores on the LH5, RH5, and RH6 points were significantly lower in the SQDQ patient group than in the SQDQ control group. However, no significant difference was found in the Ryodoraku scores among the other groups. Conclusions: The results suggest that the low TA and low Ryodoraku scores on the LH5, RH5, and RH6 points could be a quantitative indicator to diagnose Spleen Qi Deficiency in FD patients in a simpler manner. Larger studies on the Ryodoraku test in FD patients, the health control group, and other pattern identification groups are required.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.99-114
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships between each type of attitudes toward money and the attributes of choosing family restaurants. A self-administrated questionnaire was completed by 387 students, and data were analysed by frequency, factor, reliability and canonical correlation. Seven factors were obtained from factor analysis of attitudes toward money; Factor 1 "power", Factor 2 "obsession", Factor 3 "retention", Factor 4 "achievement", Factor 5 "anxiety", Factor 6 "distrust", and Factor7 "evaluation". The attributes of family restaurant choice were extracted into six factors: Factor 1 "quality of food", Factor 2 "restaurant event", Factor 3 "interior environment", Factor 4 "value of food", Factor 5 "convenience for approach", and Factor 6 "employees' service". Canonical correlation analysis showed three significant functions. Canonical function 1 showed that the attitudes of considering the power of money, its retention and achievement were indicated to have significantly positive relationships with the quality of food in the attributes of choosing family restaurants. Canonical function 2 showed that significantly negative relationships between distrust and restaurant events and convenience for approach. Canonical function 3 also showed that significantly positive relationships between obsession and anxiety and the interior of restaurants and employees' service, and significantly negative relationships between evaluation and the interior of restaurants and employees' service.

• 대한한의진단학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.33-44
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• 2018

Objectives This study aimed to perform a cross-cultural translation of 5 kinds of pattern identification questionnaires from Korean to English: questionnaires for seven emotions, fatigue and malaise, phlegm, food retention, and blood stasis. Methods We followed the strict guideline on the cross-cultural translation of healthcare evaluation tool. Total five stages of study were conducted. First, translations of two individual translators. Second, synthesizing of the two results. Third, two back translations from synthesized version to Korean. Fourth, expert committee reviewed with the original version, synthesized version, back translated versions to make a pre-final version. Last, with the pre-final version, 5 Americans evaluated face validity of the pre-final version. We made a final version after the above-mentioned 5 stages. Result and conclusion International versions of the 5 kinds of pattern identification questionnaires were completed. We can expect this versions are widly used for clinical usage and following academical researches.

• 한방비만학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.37-44
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• 2009

The study was to investigate the distribution for the diagnosis of pattern identification questionnaire and agreement rate between diagnosis of pattern identification based on obesity pattern identification questionnaire and the clinical diagnosis of pattern' identification by medical specialist. The distribution for the diagnosis of pattern identification based on obesity pattern identification questionnaire was shown in order of stagnation of liver Gi, retention of undigested food, deficiency of Yang at scale of 5, 3, 2 score and the diagnosis rate of single pattern identification at scale of 5, 3, 2 score was 89.96%, 79.33%, 54.64%, respectively the agreement rate between the diagnosis of pattern identification based on obesity pattern identification questionnaire and the clinical diagnosis of pattern identification by medical specialist was 0.1013. Therefore, the complementary management in CRF questionnaires with consultation from experts and the study for score difference of pattern identification will improve the accuracy and agreement rate, which will will be helpful for pattern identification of obesity by clinical experts.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.14-22
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• 2011

This study was designed to compare the incidence and severity of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) between normal (N = 85) and overweight or obese (N = 28) college female students and investigated correlation between PMS, nutrient intake, hematological index and psychological index (depression, anxiety, stress). Each subject was asked a Menstrual Discomfort Questionnaire (MDQ) for PMS by 5 Likert scale. The PMS scores of women in the normal weight subjects ranked in order of severity were water retention (2.71), followed by behavioral change (2.58), negative affect (2.46), pain (2.31), autonomic reaction (2.27), decreased concentration (2.16). The symptoms of 'pain' and 'behavioral change' of overweight or obese subject were significantly higher than those of normal subject (p < 0.05). And total cholesterol concentration of overweight or obese subjects was significantly higher than in normal subject (p < 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation (p < 0.05) between the symptoms of 'negative effect' and BMI. And the triglyceride concentration was positively related with 'water retention (p < 0.01)'. The symptoms of 'decreased concentration' were negatively correlated with calcium (p < 0.01) and vitamin B6 intake (p < 0.05). The depression score were positively related with symptoms of 'behavioral change (p < 0.05)', 'negative affect' (p < 0.01), and the anxiety score was positively correlated with 'behavioral change (p < 0.05)' and 'decreased concentration (p < 0.05)'. The stress score was positively correlated with 'decreased concentration (p < 0.01)', 'behavioral change (p < 0.05)' and 'negative affect (p < 0.05)'. This suggests that PMS represents the clinical manifestation of a calcium, vitamin $B_6$ deficiency and psychological disorder. Therefore we concluded that nutrient supplementation, depression and stress management may help to relieve PMS symptoms.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.570-591
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• 2018

Objective: This study was designed to investigate the correlation between gastric emptying measurement by ultrasonography and the findings of various questionnaires of functional dyspepsia (FD) or in Korean medicine to explore the possibility of quantification of questionnaires. Methods: Eighty-eight patients (44 patients with FD and 44 healthy controls) were recruited from October 2016 to November 2017. Gastric emptying half-time (T1/2) was measured by ultrasonography at fasting, and at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min after meals (apple juice, 500 ml, 224 kcal). The average half-time (average T1/2) was calculated by averaging all measured half-times. A visual analogue scale (VAS), food retention questionnaire (FRQ), damum questionnaire (DQ), cold and heat questionnaire (CHQ), deficiency and excess questionnaire (DEQ), spleen-qi deficiency questionnaire (SQDQ), Nepean dyspepsia index-Korean version (NDI-K), and quality of life of NDI (NDI-QoL) were filled out by all participants. Correlation between the average T1/2 and questionnaires were analyzed for 79 patients (37 patients with FD and 42 healthy controls) after excluding missing and erroneous data. Results: The FRQ, DEQ, SQDQ, NDI-K, and NDI-QoL scores, especially for some gastrointestinal symptoms and general weakness-related symptoms, showed statistically significant correlations with average T1/2. Conclusions: Our results suggest that gastric emptying measurement by ultrasonography may be a quantitative substitute method for some Korean medical questionnaires or for some dyspepsia-related and deficiency-related items among them. However, further studies using various measurements of gastric emptying will be needed.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.527-546
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• 2015

Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between gastric emptying measured by ultrasonography and Korean medical instruments of diagnosis and assessment in functional dyspepsia (FD) patients. Among the subgroups of FD, postprandial distress syndrome (PDS) is related to gastric motility disorder.Methods Ten patients with FD and particularly with PDS as well as 10 healthy controls were enrolled in the study from September to November 2015. The gastric emptying shown as the half-life of gastric volume (T_1/2) was measured by ultrasonography. The severities of spleen qi deficiency and dyspepsia symptoms were assessed by a spleen qi deficiency questionnaire (SQDQ) and the Nepean Dyspepsia Index-Korean version (NDI-K), respectively. In addition, a food retention questionnaire (FRQ), a damum questionnaire (DQ), a cold and heat questionnaire (CHQ), a deficiency and excess questionnaire (DEQ), and a visual analogue scale (VAS) of distention and fullness were completed by every participant.Results In comparison with the control group, the FD group showed significantly higher scores for the SQDQ, NDI-K, FRQ, DQ, DEQ, and VAS of distention and fullness. T_1/2 was also significantly higher in the FD group than in the control group. There were significant correlations between T_1/2 and the SQDQ score. However, there were no significant correlations between T1/2 and other questionnaire scores except for one item of the NDI-K.Conclusions According to these findings, it was determined that measuring gastric emptying using ultrasonography could be a quantitative indicator to diagnose spleen qi deficiency in FD patients.