• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.10
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• pp.1385-1393
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate nutrient intake status and dietary behaviors in elementary school children. The subjects were 98 boys and girls in the 4~6 grade and divided into three groups by body shape. The protein intakes of the subjects were higher than the Korean EER (estimated energy requirements). Especially male over weight group had more than twice intakes (216.0% ) comparing the Korean EER. The mean daily intakes of calcium, iron, vitamin A and vitamin C in all subjects did not meet the Korean RI (recommended intake). The vitamin C intake of male underweight group was only 43.2% comparing the Korean RI. Rice & cereals were main food sources of energy, protein and iron, and milk & milk products were main food sources of calcium. As their weights were high, the meal volume and the rate of skipped meal were shown to be high (p<0.05). Thus, this study implicates that desirable nutrition education may be needed for overweight and underweigh children.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.329-340
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• 2012

Hypertension is a well-known risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Previous studies have shown that changes in diet and lifestyle factors can prevent the development of hypertension, but the combined effects of these modifiable factors on hypertension are not well established. The objective of this study is to investigate associations of diet and lifestyle factors, evaluated both individually and in combination, with prevalent hypertension among Korean adults. We analyzed data obtained from the 2007-2008 Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey, a nationwide cross-sectional study using a stratified, multistage probability sampling design. The associations of 12 nutrient intakes and lifestyle factors with risk of hypertension were explored using restricted cubic spline regression and logistic regression models among 6,351 adults. Total energy and several nutrients and minerals, including, calcium, vitamin A, vitamin C, and sodium, showed non-linear relationships with the risk of prevalent hypertension. In multivariate logistic regression models, dietary score, obesity and alcohol intake were independently associated with the risk of prevalent hypertension, but smoking and physical activity were not. Overall, participants whose dietary habits and lifestyle factors were all in the low-risk group had 68% lower prevalence of hypertension (OR: 0.32, 95 CI: 0.14-0.74) compared to those who were at least one in the high-risk group of any dietary or lifestyle factors. The result suggests that combined optimal lifestyle habits are strongly associated with lower prevalence of hypertension among Korean adults.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.583-594
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• 2021

This study examined the nutrient intake of Korean adults by considering the lunch type, categorized as home meals (HM), eating out (EO), and institutional meals (IM). Data was obtained from the 2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Totally, 3,786 adults (1,643 men, and 2,143 women) aged between 19-64 years were included in the study. Subjects with daily energy intake of less than 500 kcal or over 5,000 kcal, and those who skipped lunch, were excluded. The percentage of subjects in the HM, EO, and IM were 31.9, 53.6, and 14.4%, respectively. The daily energy intakes of the HM, EO, and IM groups were determined to be 2,185, 2,360, and 2,339 kcal, respectively, in men, and 1,622, 1,731, and 1,741 kcal, respectively, in women. Among the three groups, men in the EO group had more intake of fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, sodium, and riboflavin, and less dietary fiber, and whereas women consumed more fat and less dietary fiber and potassium. In the IM group, the men consumed more dietary fiber, potassium, and thiamine, whereas consumption of carbohydrate, unsaturated fatty acid, sodium, potassium, and thiamine was more in women. Energy contributions of carbohydrate, protein, and fat were all within the AMDR (acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges) for all lunch types, except for the percent of energy provided from saturated fat in EO (7.4% in men, and 8.2% in women). Our results indicate that the dietary habit of frequently eating out increases the fat intake, thereby resulting in increased health risks for adults. Thus, implementation of a nutritional education program to encourage balanced dietary habits is required to improve the nutritional status of individuals eating out.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.10
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• pp.899-907
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• 2004

This study was performed to investigate dietary habits and nutritional intake according to body mass index (BMI) of female college students. The subjects were 1361 students with a mean age of 20.4 years residing in Seoul and Kyonggui area. BMI (kg/) between $\geq$ 18.5 to $\leq$ 23 was considered as nonnal, < 18.5 as underweight and > 23 as overweight. The subjects had a mean BMI of 20.0 kg/$m^2$ and 25% of them were classified as underweight group, 67% as normal group and 8% as overweight group. Dietary intake was assessed by food frequency method and consumption of foods and nutrients was analyzed. Frequency of meal skipping was higher in the overweight group, 16.1 % of the overweight group skipped dinner. Also, the frequency of snack intake was lowest in the overweight group. The overweight group consumed less meat and fish than the normal and underweight groups. The total number of foods consumed in a day was also significantly lower than that of the underweight and normal group. The overweight group consumed less energy, protein, fat, phosphorus and niacin than the underweight and normal groups. The overweight group took iron and sodium intake lower than the normal group. Mean intakes of nutrients except clacium and iron in all three groups were over Korea RDA. The NAR (nutrient adequacy ratio) value of all nutrients, except calcium, was lower in the overweight group when compared to the normal and underweight groups, and the MAR (mean adequacy ratio) of the overweight group was 0.89, which was lower than 0.92 of the underweight and 0.93 of the normal group. The above results indicated that the deficiency of major nutrients such as calcium and iron could be inducde by less kinds of consumed foods and frequent meal skipping including dinner in the overweighted group. Therefore, balanced nutrient intake is required to maintain skeletal health and prevent anemia in overweighted female college students aged twenties.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.157-168
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of eating behavior, physical status and tendency of eating disorder on the right eating habit. The subjects of this study were 324 middle school students and 340 high school students in Osan city GyeongGi province. The average of weight and height in the middle and high school students were 48.7kg, 160.0cm and 56.8kg, 164.8cm respectively. In PIBW values, 92.9% of middle school students and 99.1% of high school students were almost close to the average. The 28.5% of high school and 21.5% of middle school students were aware of themselves as overweight. The risk of eating disorders in high school students(16.4%) were higher than that in middle school students(4.9%). Moreover, the risk of eating disorders in girls high school students(19.3%) was significantly higher than those of middle school students(5.2%) (p<0.001). The thought of food problems were realized in 57.4% of in high school students and in 39.9% of in middle school students. The intake of food group frequency, middle school students ate more fruit than high school students(p<0.01). Boys ate more frequently soy beans (p<0.05) and algae(p<0.1) than girls in high school students. The meat intake was more frequent in high school students, but the eggs and milk were more in middle school students. The boys' intakes of fish and milk were more often than the girls' in high school students. Eating disorders and food intake frequency scores were closely correlated with weights(PIBW and the gap of ideal. weight with real weight). In conclusion, the education about realizing exact healthy body shape and how to modify behavior to prevent eating disorders should be planned since junior high school. Especially in high school girls, the variety food intake education would be needed. Proper recognition of the weight is required for good food intake and for prevent eating disorders.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.343-351
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• 2013

To help reduce the 'breakfast-skip' rate of the high school students and improve such 'breakfast-skipping' practice this study devised a new covenience menu for school breakfast Program. Dictated by a dietitian the form of cooking was rendered within directly-cookable convenient food; The price of menu ranged from 1,500-2,000won taking into account the parents' survey ; the menu formation drew largely from the student food preference survey and their favorites. The composition of menu - the Korean dish and the western dish put together-were of two folds and was based on the two: main menu, subsidiary menu. While main menu used rice, the subsidiary one used fruits, salads, milk, and juices. Energy intake sufficiency standard was set at a level of between 1/4 and 1/3 of the relevent group(mid&high students, 15-18 yrs old)'s approximated energy need, drawn from the Dietary Reference Intakes For Koreans(2010). 10 disparate, divised menus were tested deliberately- cooked at a site, thereafter qualifed and supplemented to meet the targeted energy amount. The nuturitional facts of each menu set were measured through the usage of CAN-PRO 3.0, Computer Aided Nutritional Analysis Program, for professionals. Completed menu set were then given in photograph. The results of this study were as follows : The results of this study were as follows : the newly developed menu's calories and nuturitional content were as follows in the ratio of Dietary Reference Intakes For Koreans(2010) : Calories 95.7%(4.3% below the targeted intake standard), Protein(131.1%), Calcium(130.2%) the both of which marked higher than the recommended daily intake, iron(71.0%), Potassium(93.1%) both of which figure lower than the recommended daily intake. The cost of ingredients per each person was 1,335won, which was lower than the targeted cost(1500won). When calculated, hypothetically provided breakfast's labor hour needed per 1 meal is shown to be average 1.2 minute. In conslusion : Convenience style school breakfast program would bring an increse in the intake of high school students' breakfast, which may contribute not only to the sound physical growth but to academic performance. Various developments of the school breakfast program is much needed continually.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.336-341
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• 2018

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) for energy are derived from total energy expenditure (TEE) measured using the doubly labelled water (DLW) method. The objective of this study was to assess the validity of DRI for predicting the energy requirements of elementary school-age children. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The present study involved 25 elementary school-age children aged between 9 and 11 years. TEE was assessed by the DLW method, and the results were compared with the TEE predicted by the DRI equations in order to evaluate accuracy. RESULTS: The subjects' TEE measured by the DLW method was $1,925.2{\pm}380.9kcal/day$ in boys and $1,930.0{\pm}279.4kcal/day$ in girls, whereas resting energy expenditure was $1,220.2{\pm}176.9kcal/day$ in boys and $1,245.9{\pm}171.3kcal/day$ for girls. The physical activity level was $1.58{\pm}0.20$ in boys and $1.55{\pm}0.13$ in girls. The mean bias between the predicted and measured TEE was 12.6% in boys and -1.6% in girls, and the percentage of accurate predictions was 28.6% and 63.6%, respectively. In boys, the equation resulted in underprediction of TEE among the subjects having low TEE values, whereas there was overprediction among subjects having high TEE values as shown by the Bland-Altman plot. On the contrary, this proportional bias was not observed in girls. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that the DRI equation for energy could result in the overestimation of energy requirements in elementary school-age boys. In the case of girls, the equations could be accurate at the group level. However, the DRI appears to be invalid for individual girls, as more than one third of girls had their TEE inaccurately predicted. We recommend more studies for confirmation of these results.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.470-478
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate dietary factors, bone status, and bone loss in postmenopausal women in rural areas. A total of 189 women participated in the follow-up study after two years. Radius, Tibia, and Phalanx SOS (Speed of Sound) was measured on two occasions 2 years apart by ultra-sonic-metry, and % body fat was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis at the baseline and after 2years. Dietary intake data were collected 4 times at different season by 24-hour recall method, and then calculated as average. Bone density of radius decreased by 4.2% during the two year period. When the subjects were divided into three groups, by bone decline level during two years, the lowest bone loss group had higher potassium and vegetable intake than other groups. Age and calcium intakes showed significant correlation with bone decline rate at tibia. In multiple regressions, the baseline SOS, vitamin A, vegetables and eggs intakes were found to be significant factors for tibia bone decline. In conclusion, dietary factors, such as higher vegetable intake, seem to affect the changes in bone mineral density in more favorable way. Therefore, efforts are needed to enhance the access to nutritional care for rural elderly postmenopausal women.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.236-247
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• 2015

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the nutrient intake and food variety in Korean adolescents. Methods: We analyzed 1,555 adolescents aged 12 to 18 years using data from the combined 2010~2012 KNHANES (Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey). In this study, subjects were divided according to age group (12~14 y, 15~18 y). The nutrient intake, ND (nutrient density), food intake and food score from each food group, variety and food intakes of meals, DDS (dietary diversity score), and GMVFDO (grain, meat, vegetable, fruit, dairy and oil food group) were analyzed using data from the 24-recall method. Results: The results showed that the 15~18 age groupskipped breakfast significantly more often than the 12~14 age group (p < 0.0001). The 15~18 age group consumed significantly higher quantities of fat per 1,000 kcal compared to the 12~14 age group (p = 0.0069). Regarding food variety, the 15~18 age group showed a significantly higher intake (p < 0.0001) and score (p < 0.0001) from beverages than the 12~14 age group, whereas the 15~18 age group showed a significantly lower intake (p = 0.0084) and score (p = 0.0253) from milk than the 12~14 age group. In addition, DDS in the 15~18 age group (4.33) tended to be lower than that of the 12~14 age group (4.44) (p = 0.0727). Conclusion: Proper dietary management regarding meal variety is needed for the 15~18 age group, and more systematic studies to investigate the meal variety roles of adolescents are required.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.929-935
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of regular maternal exercise on maternal nutrients intake and pregnancy outcome. The number of subjects were 567 pregnant women at local general hospital in Daegu. General characteristics data and 24- hour food recalls were collected by trained interviewer. Structured interview and medical record review were carried out at first prenatal and delivery visit(included age, delivery history, height, pre-pregnancy weight, and pregnancy outcome etc). Regular exercise performance was surveyed at third trimester and 31.4% of subjects exercised regularly Overall weight gains during pregnancy were 13.9 $\pm$ 3.8kg and 14.7 $\pm$ 4.7kg in the exercise and sedentary group, respectively. The type of exercise was mainly strolling and light aerobic exercise. Usually firstpara subjects exercised more regularly than multipara subjects. There is no significant difference between regular exercise and severity of morning sickness. Weight gain during pregnancy was not relate to regular exercise. Though there is not statistically significant, the nutrients intakes were higher in regular exercise group than in sedentary group. We concluded regular exercise during pregnancy neither influenced pregnancy weight gain, severity of morning sickness nor baby birth weight but it could affect the nutritional and health statues of mother.