• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.73-83
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• 2007

In order to investigate the ecological factors affecting milk intake frequency of adolescents, the questionnaire survey was conducted with 929 middle and high school students living in Chungnam urban area through October and November 2004. The subjects consumed milk 8.6$\pm$6.7 times per week, other beverages 4.4$\pm$4.1 times per week and drinking water 3.7$\pm$2.1 cups per day. Of the students 77.3% took balanced meals, 72.8% ate regularly and 36.2% ate adequate amount. About 61% had breakfast everyday and nearly a half students snacked once a day. Nutritional knowledge scores about milk was 7.2$\pm$1.7 and milk attitude scores was 28.1$\pm$6.5. The subjects spent daily 1.8$\pm$1.1, 1.9$\pm$1.1, and 1.0$\pm$0.5 hours for computer use, TV watching and exercise, respectively. Milk intake frequencies were positively correlated with excercise, snack frequency, meal balance and regularity, breakfast frequency, food attitude score and milk preference, while showed negative correlationships with TV watching and computer use. Intake frequency of fruit-tasted and chocolate milk showed inverse correlation with nutritional knowledge. Subjects without either school store or vending machine took milk more frequently than those with one or both did. Of the correlated variables, milk preference was the most important influencing factor to milk intake frequency according to the stepwise linear regression analysis, which presented other 5 important influencing factors as food attitude, school vending facilities, excercise, snacking frequency and watching TV. In conclusion, the improvement of milk preference is the most important and effective way to promote milk consumption in adolescents. The favorite ways of drinking milk, nutritional benefit of milk, healthy beverage and good snacking should be taught in nutrition education. Also physical activities should be recommended to students rather than watching TV, computer use and vending facilities selling soft drinks should be limited to be established inside school.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.165-175
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• 2001

We performed case-control study to evaluate relationship between food intake and risk of breast cancer. We interviewed breast cancer cases(n=108) who were newly histologically identified and selected from Hanyang and Soonchunhyang University Hospital in Seoul. We used hospital-based control subjects(n=121), who were selected from the patients in the department of plastic surgery, general surgery and opthalmology of the same hospital by frequency matching. Matching variables were age($\pm$4 age) and menopausal status. We collected information on general characteristics of subjects, history of disease, family history of breast cancer, vitamin supplementation, alcohol intake, and food intake through individual interview. Dietary information was ascertained via a food frequency questionnaire method(total item=98). All analyses was conducted according to menopausal status. Especially, pepper and grape intake in premenopausal women, showed protective effect in breast cancer. Otherwise consumption of meat, pork, and fish was not associated with breast cancer risk in this study. At milk and dairy products, milk intake was associated with lower risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women and overall intake of soy products was associated with breast cancer risk, but not significant. These findings suggested that consumption of some fruit and vegetable intake was a protective factor on breast cancer and further study with more number of subjects should be need to evaluate the breast cancer risk. (Korean J Nutrition 34(2): 165~175, 2001)

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.140-151
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• 2016

Objectives: This study was performed to examine the consumption patterns of convenience food at convenience stores, dietary habits, and perception as well as knowledge of food additives among university students. Methods: Subjects were 352 university students in Cheongju, Korea, and data was collected by a self-administered questionnaire. They were divided into three groups according to the frequency of consumption of convenience food at convenience stores: 79 rare (${\leq}1$ time/month), 89 moderate (2-4 times/month) and 184 frequent (${\geq}2$ times/week). Results: More subjects from the frequent consumption group lived apart from parents (p<0.001) and possessed more pocket money (p<0.01). Frequent consumption group consumed noodles, Kimbab, and sandwich & burger significantly more often (p<0.001, respectively) than others. In addition, frequent consumption of convenience foods at convenience stores was associated with frequent breakfast skipping (p<0.05), irregular meal time (p<0.01), snacking (p<0.05), and eating late night meal (p<0.001). More from the rare consumption group had heard about food additives previously compared to the frequent consumption group (79.7% vs. 63.6%, p<0.01). Frequent consumption group showed significantly higher score than did the rare consumption group for the following questions: monosodium glutamate is harmful to your health (p<0.05), food additives are necessary for food manufacturing (p<0.005), food additives need to be labeled on products (p<0.05), there is no food additive at all if labeled as no preservatives, no coloring, and no added sugar (p<0.05). There was a significant difference in degrees of choosing products with less food additives depending on the consumption pattern. Conclusions: Our results provided a better understanding of the factors associated with frequent consumption of convenience foods at convenience stores among university students and will be useful to develop a nutrition education program for those who are more prone to consume convenience foods.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.447-454
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• 1999

The empirical research was conducted to investigate women's consumption pattern of Korean rice cakes and to analyze the preference of them by their demographic backgrounds. The results of this study provide useful informations for a systematic development of Korean rice cake. A self-completed questionnaire survey of 281 women in Seoul was undertaken and detailed information was collected from each. A questionnaire consisted of three parts including demographic backgrounds, consumption pattern and preference of Korean rice cakes, and the need assessment. Demographic variables of respondents included age, marital status, education, family style, monthly income etc. Most of them(82.6%) were married with the average age of $36.3{\pm}8.4$ year old. The results of eating frequency rate showed that about half of women(49.1%) had Korean rice cake once or twice a month followed by once a week(23.1%), once per two months(13.9%), once per six months(8.2%), and once per three months(3.9%). Average preference score of 14 Korean rice cakes was $3.08{\pm}1.49$ out of 5, indicating 'so-and-so'. Ingeolmi received the highest score of 4.02, whereas Duteopteok had the lowest score of 0.18. The preference score of Korean rice cake and the respondents' knowledge of them showed significantly strong positive correlation. The need-assessment score for improving the quality of Korean rice cake was $3.72{\pm}1.35$ out of 5, showing moderate willingness for improvement of Korean rice cake.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.105-119
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• 1996

This study was to investigate the dietary behavior and fast foods use among Korean youth in order to obtain basic information of nutrition education for them. Survey was carried out through questionnaire and the subjects were 236 boys and 388 girls of 4 middle schools in Seoul. The questionnaire included use frequency of Korean and Foreign fast-foods, preference, concepts regarding prices, fullness, choice factors, dietary habits and nutritional knowledges. The results are summarized as follow：1. Overweight students(52.8%) were more than normal(43.1%) and low body weight students (4.2%), classified by Roher index. 2. Most students (78.9%) had very good or good food habit, 52.6% of boys and 44.0% of girls were having breakfast regulary. 46.1% of subjects had fast-foods once or twice in a week and girl subjects used more than boys. 3. Nutritional knowledge of the subjects was satisfiable and normal and overweight groups were better than underweight group. 4. Fast-foods most students like were duckbocki(81.1%) fried chicken(80.9%) french fried potatos(80.4%) mandoo(78.1%) kimbab(78.9%), and fried chicken(77.9%). 5. 57.9% of the subjects wished to develope Korean traditional food items into fast-food style.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.697-708
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to analyze the contents of the questionnaires used in dietary surveys and to evaluate each item in relation to the item construction strategy. Articles of which the contents were related to food, nutrition, diet, dietary behavior, and related areas. Published from 1997 to 1999 were searched fir and a total of 121 questionnaires were collected and analyzed. The questions in the questionnaires were classified into related areas and sub-areas. Among the keywords in the title of the articles, the term 'nutritional status'(or 'dietary intake status') was most frequently used. The terms such as dietary status, obesity, health, food habit, and dietary behavior were also frequency used. Major topics of the items in the questionnaires varied according to the life cycle of the subjects of the study. The topics most frequently asked in each lift cycle were as follows : overeating, snack, and food preference for preschool- and school-aged children ; anthropometry, weight control, and snack for middle and highschool students : meal skipping, smoking, and drinking for college students : disease, smoking, drinking, and exercise for adults : and smoking, drinking, disease and perceived health for the elderly. Inappropriate questions with complicated language, typographic and grammatic errors, unnecessary words, and negative questions were found. Therefore, care should be taken to construct each question so as to avoid possible misinterpretation. Also, a standardized questionnaire be developed for survey researchers.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1997

To evaluate the prevalence of food allergies and the causative food allergens, 1,469 subjects in various age groups were studied by using a food Allergy questionnaire. Also, specific food antibodies were tested with the MAST method, a chemiluminescent assay, in 84 people who have a positive history of food allergies. The results were as follows : Among the total number of 1,469 subjects, about one- half of the total number(46.6%) have a family history of allergies. According to the questionnaire, the prevalence of food allergies was 11.4%. The group with a family history of allergies showed a higher Prevalence than the group without a family history. Skin allergies were the most common type of food allergies in both groups of male and female subjects. The questionnaire revealed mackerel as the most common food allergen, followed by the allergens of peach, pork, chicken, milk and eggs in decreasing order. According to the MAST allergy test, these diagnosed with an actual food allergy totalled 4.1% of the subjects. Peach and pork were the most common food allergens listed on the MAST results.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.37-46
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• 1998

Distribution structure is the link between a society's needs and its industrial responses. A change in distribution structure brings about a consumption structure which may results in considerable changes in lifestyle including food habits. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a effect of change of distribution structure on the food purchase. The survey was carried from May to June, 1997 by way of questionnaire of 407 housewives, aged 23-64 years, in Seoul and the capital area. The questionaire consists of sociodemographic characteristics of the subjects and distribution channel, information route of food selection, acknowledgement and coefficient of utilization of new distribution channel, mainly used distribution channel in food purchase, important factors in food selection, and food purchasing behavior. Their data were statistically analyzed based on frequency, mean, and $X^2-test$. The major findings of this study were as follows; 1) Most frequently used distribution channels in food purchase were supermarket(38.53%), department store(15.23%), discount store(14.05%), a conventional retail market(13.87%), membership wholesale club(8.07%), and a conventional wholesale market(6.53%). 2) The new distribution channels that subjects have ever used were discount store(75.4% of the subject), membership wholesale club(63%), mail order house(32%), outlet store(29.4%), home shopping(10.3%). 3) Compared to the subject living far from the new distribution channel, the subject living close to the new distribution channel was higher in frequency of new distribution channel utilization. These observations suggest that change of the distribution structure promotes the change of the food purchasing behavior.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.509-519
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• 2016

Objectives: Adulterated food education in adolescence period is very important because dietary management related to food safety is not made in a short period. This study aimed to identify dietary lifestyle factors which drive adulterated food management among middle and high school students. Methods: Data was collected from 270 middle and high school students in Daegu using a self-administered questionnaire in March and April of 2015. Data was analyzed using frequency analysis, one-way analysis of variance, ${\chi}^2$-test, factor analysis, reliability analysis, regression analysis, and cluster analysis. Results: The results of factor analysis indicated that adulterated food management awareness was classified into necessity, difficulty, and food purchasing anxiety. The adulterated food management capability was sub-grouped into environmental grasp, food identification, cooking hygiene, and situation management. The adulterated food management efficacy composed of management confidence, action intention, and knowledge. Dietary lifestyle comprised of gustation, family, and health factors after factor analysis, and it consisted of all seeking group, gustation seeking group, family seeking group, health seeking group, and family and health seeking group after cluster analysis. The gustation, family and health factors were significantly affected the factors of awareness, capability and efficacy of adulterated food management (p < 0.05). The frequency of health conditions, helping with meal preparation, and the times of eating out were significantly different according to seeking groups of dietary lifestyle (p < 0.01). The scores of awareness, capability and efficacy of adulterated food management of family and health seeking group were significantly higher than the other seeking groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions: This study suggests that adulterated food management education programs should account for gustation, family and health factors of dietary lifestyle to be effective for adolescents.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.83-89
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• 2002

We examined the association between eating frequency of rice vs. bread at breakfast and nutrient and food-group intake among 1771 female college students aged 18-20 years. The frequency of main staples at breakfast and the nutrient and food group intake for the previous month were assessed with a validated self-administered diet history questionnaire. We divided main staples into rice, bread, and noodles. As the eating frequency for noodles was almost negligible, we computed the difference of eating frequency of rice minus that of bread(mean = 0.7 times/week). Among 16 nutrients examined, the difference of eating frequency correlated significantly and negatively only with fat intake, especially saturated fatty acid (SFA) (r=-0.31, p<0.001), and significantly and positively with the intake of n-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acid, iron, sodium, protein, carotene, potassium, dietary fiber, and vitamin C (r=0.08-0.15, p<0.001) after adjusting for the energy intake, the residential area, the population size, and the living status with their families. In conclusion, the more frequent intake of rice compared to bread at breakfast correlated with the higher intake of the several vitamins and minerals, and the lower intake of fat, especially SFA. The only unfavorable aspect of the rice group was the higher sodium intake.