• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.578-592
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• 1997

The use of semiquantitative food frequency questionnaires to estimate dietary intake has become widespread in nutritional epidemiologic studies. It had been suggested that knowledge about a person's usual portion size of each meal in addition to consumption frequency will improve the accuracy of this method. This study was performed to investigate the dietary intake status(nutrient, food, and dish intake) and one portion size of commonly consumed food and dishes to develop a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire that will be used to expore the relationship between the incidence of cardiovascular disease and diet in Korean women after menopause. Intake of food or dish in 123 elderly women were measured by 3-day food records in March to May, 1996. The results obtained in this study were summarized as follow : 1) Calcium, vitamin A, and vitamin E intakes were less adequate than Recommended dietary allowances(RDA). 2) The subjects who consumed more than 20% of the energy from fat were 35% and the subjects consumed dietary cholesterol more than 300mg were 18$\%$. 3) The most frequently consumed foods or dishes by the subjects were Korean cabbage kimchi〉cooked rice, well-milled〉laver〉apple〉strawberry〉mixed rice〉soybean soup. 4) The major dish groups which contributed to most daily nutrient intakes were cooked rice, Korean cabbage kimchi, soybean soup because of large amount and high frequency of intake although they do not contain large amount of most nutrients. 5) One portion size of commomly consumed foods and dishes in elderly women was different from one portion size suggested in the Korean nutrition society. This study provides information for the design of data-based semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. for Korean elderly women. In addition, they may be useful to health care planners or nutrition educators. (Korean J Community Nutrition 2(4) : 578-592, 1997)

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.527-541
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• 2001

This study was conducted to provide basic information on the nutritional status and health status of the rural elderly. The food intake, food habits and others health related factors were surveryed by interview method. The subjects was 200 people(71 male, 129 female) aged over 65 year in the Han-an area. The obtained results as follows; Their average age is 73.5$\pm$5.6. Mean height and weight of elderly men were 163 cm and 58.1 kg. respectively and 148.7 cm and 50.0 kg for women. The regularity appetite and frequency of eating snacks and eating out were higher in men than in women. The favorite snacks for men were alcohol fruit coffee and for women was fruit, candy, cookies and coffee. The daily alcohol drinking and smoking ration were 50.0%, 60.6% for men, respectively and 14.0%, 24.8 % for women. The nutritional intake ratio to RDA of men was significantly higher than women. Especially, the intakes of energy, Ca, Vit.A, Vit B$_1$, Vit B$_2$ niacin were extremely low in women. The frequency of alcohol intake was related to nutrient intake of women . There was a negative correlation between age. smoking rate and the nutritional intake. The pocket money, weight height appetite, and frequency of snacks showed a positive relation to nutritional intake. In conclusion the study shows that gender did influence food intake in the elderly, Food intake of women was extremely in deficit, because the most elderly rural women live alone. For successful aging. a program for rural elderly is needed on the govermment level, i.e actions to provide minimum economic life, food delivery and psychological/ physical health care through regional pubilc health centers.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.529-538
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• 1999

It is very important to collect information on the nutritional status of the Korean population for the development of health promotion programs including nutrition. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutritional status of various population living in selected areas for model nutritional work. Seven hundred eighty households(30 households per each area)from 26 areas participated in this study from November 1 to November 20, 1996. Dietary intake data for two consecutive days were collected at household level by a weighting method. The mean energy intake of the subjects(1,934kcal) was higher than that resulted from the ‘95 Korean National Nutrition Survey(1,839kcal). The proportion of energy derived from cereals was 60.1%. The proportion of total protein intake from animal sources was 49.4%. These results were similar to those found in the ‘95 Korean National Nutrition Survey. Most nutrients(except iron, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin C, and crude fiber) were higher than the result of the ‘95 Korean National Nutrition Survey. However, the average iron intake was about 68% of the result of ‘95 Korean National Nutrition Survey. This may be due to the adjustment of iron content in rice(3.7mg/100glongrightarrow0.5mg/100g) included in nutrient database for calculating nutrient intakes. The mean energy contribution from carbohydrate, protein, and fat were 64.2%, 16.4% and 19.4%, respectively. Significant differences of nutrient intakes were noted among some areas, which may be due to different food intake patterns according to the needs of the particular area. Therefore, the result of this study indicates that there are significant differences in food and nutrient intakes among the areas, suggesting that nutritional improvement programs may need to be developed differently by areas.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.143-158
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• 2006

The study examined nutritional conditions to enhance the quality of meals and to provide the basic data for more proper dietary life of college students. Our analysis was based on the body measurement, food intake and food habits for 200 students of Chung-Nam. The nutrient intake was examined using the 24-hour recall method. The data were analyzed by the Computer Aided Nutritional Analysis Program and then the diet quality was estimated using the Mean Adequacy Ratio(MAR), the Nutrient Adequacy Ratio(NAR) and the Index of Nutritional Quality(INQ). The average weight and height of male students were $67.57{\pm}8.66kg,\;174.64{\pm}5.87cm$, while those of female students were $53.46{\pm}6.86kg,\;159.10{\pm}4.19cm$, respectively. The total energy intake of the male students was $3221.71{\pm}200.39kcal$, while that of the female students was $1884.67{\pm}100.93kcal$. The male students are higher than female in % of RDA. The percentages of carbohydrate, protein and lipid for male students were $57.18{\pm}7.83%,\;15.15{\jpm}3.36%\;and\; 27.67{\pm}6.68%$, while those of female students were $58.77{\pm}7.68%,\;15.51{\pm}4.55%\;and\;25.72{\pm}6.20%$, respectively. There was no significant difference in calcium intakes for both groups, however they are less than the RDA. In terms of iron, the male students took $16.98{\pm}5.57mg$ and the female students took $11.35{\pm}2.68mg$, with significant difference (p<0.001). The male and female students showed sufficient intake of vitamins, with significant difference between two groups except for vitamin A. The mean MAR, an index of overall dietary quality, was significantly higher in the male students than female students(p<0.01). Male and female students enjoying two meals or more a day were 59%, and those having enough time for one meal or less a day were 36.5%. Male and female students having no breakfast were 39%. Male and female students having vegetables intake were 53.5%, and having milk or milk products every day were 29.5% of them. In conclusion, nutritional education is recommended to increase the calcium intake and fruit and vegetable consumption for dietary fiber, and to emphasize regularity of meal time.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.769-780
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to identify the differences in dietary consumption patterns according to the exercise level of Korean adults. The study subjects were the 7,370 Koreans aged 20 years and older of the 1998 Korean Health and Nutrition Survey. The dietary assessment was conducted by means of the 24 hour recall method. Data for individual exercise behavior were collected by interviews as part of the National Health Behavior Survey. Following the analysis of variances the Duncan＇s Multiple Range Test was used to test the differences in food and nutrient intakes among groups with different levels of exercise. Current exercise practices were reported by 22% of the male subjects and 15% of the female subjects. Unlike observations from the American and European studies, a greater amount of meat intake was observed more frequently among high exercises group than among middle and low exercisers in the case of the male subjects. This was reflected in the increasing levels of protein and fat intake in proportion to the exercise levels. However, the food and nutrient intake patterns of female exercisers were quite different from those of the males. The least intake of fatty foods was observed among the high exercisers. Energy intake from fat was the lowest among the high exercisers. These results may imply that the motivation to exercise was quite different between male and female Koreans. This dietary pattern may have a risk of undernution. Summerizing the results, whatever the motivation of the exercise, the Korean exercisers of both sexes had unhealthy dietary pattern. Therefore, nutritional education should be conducted to encourage the eating of a balanced diet along with exercise, among Koreans of both sexes, in order to promote a healthy lifestyle.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.393-402
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was performed to evaluate the prevalence of overweight and to compare the dietary behaviors, nutrient intake and physical activities of specialized game high school students. Total of 163 subjects participated and their weight, height, waist circumference, hip circumference and bone status by a quantitative ultrasound method were measured. The subjects were surveyed by a self-administered questionnaire about general characteristics, dietary behaviors and physical activities. Nutrient intakes of the subjects were assessed by semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The subjects were divided into four groups on their obesity level by BMI. The prevalence of underweight, normal, overweight and obese group was 6%, 58%, 16%, and 20% respectively. BMI was negatively correlated with bone mineral density (p < 0.01) and positively correlated with WHR (p < 0.01). The dietary guideline compliance score for "Enjoy Korean rice food style" was 2.63, followed by "Prepare food sanitarily"2.48, "Do not skip breakfast"2.29, "Eat a variety of vegetables, fruits, dairy products daily"2.25, "Drink water instead of beverage"2.10, "Choose less fried foods"2.09 and "Maintain healthy weight"1.91. The exercise frequency of walking was not significantly different between groups; however, heavy exercise frequency was significantly lower in underweight group than the other groups (p < 0.05). The energy intake was 2153 kcal, which was 81.2% of the Estimate Energy Requirement, and the intake of calcium and vitamin $B_2$ was 66.7% and 77.8% of KDRIs. Particularly, the intake of iron, vitamin A and vitamin C was about 59.4%, 52.2% and 55.4% of KDRIs and INQ was 0.71, 0.63 and 0.65 respectively, and intake of folic acid fell behind 39.1% of KDRIs and INQ was 0.46. Our study suggests that the systematic and continuous nutrition education will have to be provided at schools to improve dietary and health behaviors and prevent chronic metabolic disease for students of specialized game high school.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.583-594
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• 2021

This study examined the nutrient intake of Korean adults by considering the lunch type, categorized as home meals (HM), eating out (EO), and institutional meals (IM). Data was obtained from the 2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Totally, 3,786 adults (1,643 men, and 2,143 women) aged between 19-64 years were included in the study. Subjects with daily energy intake of less than 500 kcal or over 5,000 kcal, and those who skipped lunch, were excluded. The percentage of subjects in the HM, EO, and IM were 31.9, 53.6, and 14.4%, respectively. The daily energy intakes of the HM, EO, and IM groups were determined to be 2,185, 2,360, and 2,339 kcal, respectively, in men, and 1,622, 1,731, and 1,741 kcal, respectively, in women. Among the three groups, men in the EO group had more intake of fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, sodium, and riboflavin, and less dietary fiber, and whereas women consumed more fat and less dietary fiber and potassium. In the IM group, the men consumed more dietary fiber, potassium, and thiamine, whereas consumption of carbohydrate, unsaturated fatty acid, sodium, potassium, and thiamine was more in women. Energy contributions of carbohydrate, protein, and fat were all within the AMDR (acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges) for all lunch types, except for the percent of energy provided from saturated fat in EO (7.4% in men, and 8.2% in women). Our results indicate that the dietary habit of frequently eating out increases the fat intake, thereby resulting in increased health risks for adults. Thus, implementation of a nutritional education program to encourage balanced dietary habits is required to improve the nutritional status of individuals eating out.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 1999

A survey was conducted in 591 college students using 8 different cafeterias serving 31 meals. The information was obtained about the name and amount of dishes they consumed from the menu offered by college foodservice. Mean nutrient contents per meal in offered menu were higher than 1/3 of RDA for their age, sex in offered menu. The mean energy content was 466kcal from rice, 113kcal from soup, 141kcal from side dish and 21kcal from kimchi. When side dishes were classified by cooking methods, side dishes using grilling, frying, roasting methods had high energy content and fat percent above 200kcal, 40% per dish. By main ingredients, side dishes with animal food were higher energy than with plant food. Students consumed 94% of the energy provided in offered menu. When compared to proportion of foods consumed by sex, there was 43% of female and 22% of male consumed less than half in soup and 31% of female and 12% of male in kimchi. The most prevalent menu patterns of subjects included rice, soup, 2 side dishes, kimchi and were the same in both sexes. Mean energy intakes per meal were 989kcal for males and 842kcal for females which were enough to meet 1/3 of RDA for their age and sex. Most nutrient intake except fat and vitamin B1 were higher in set menu than in cafeteria. Nutrient adequacy ratio(NAR) were above 0.9 except calcium and vitamin A. The mean energy intake was 542kcal from rice, 70kcal from soup, 164kcal from side dish and 20kcal from kimchi. In conclusion, intake of most of the nutrients of students obtained from males in college foodservice were sufficient but calcium intake was insufficient and fat content was above 20% of energy. High fat consumption was due to side dishes from frying, grilling, roasting with animal food. To provide desirable meals in college foodservice, use of fat in cooking must be decreased.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.304-313
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• 2000

This study was performed to assess diet quality in the postmenopausal women. The data of dietary intakes were obtained using food frequency questionnaires which were collected from 151 postmenopausal women in urban area. We evaluated nutrient intake and diet quality. Diet quality was assessed by NAR(nutrient adequacy ratio), FGIP(food group intake pattern), DDS(dietary diversity score), DVS(dietary variety score), FGS(food group score), DQI(diet quality index). Nutrient intakes of the subjects were close to Korean RDA. Nutrient composition of the diet(in percentage of total energy) was 64% carbohydrate, 15% protein, and 19% protein, and 19% total fat, that was close to 65 : 15 : 20. NAR of most nutrients, except vitamin A, E, were higher than 0.75 and MAR was 0.88. NAR and MAR of the subjects in theis study were higher than those of the subjects of rural area in other studies. The subjects who consumed the five food groups were 60.9%. The mean of DDS was 4.5. The subjects who consumed more than 61 dish items during a month were 61.5%. The mean of DVS was 62.4 and it was significantly higher in the elder age group. 67.6% of the subjects were below FGS of 12. The mean of FGS was 10.6 and few subjects consumed serving numbers of each food groups which were recommended for Koreans. 55.0% of the subjects were DQI scores of 0, 1, and 2. The mean of DQI was 2.3 and few subjects followed the five dietary guidelines for Korean.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.185-193
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of nutrient intake, screen time (television viewing and computer and/or video games) and physical activity on obesity in preschool children. Recruitment began in January 2008 by distributing letters to mothers who had children aged 6 years enrolled in daycare. Dietary intakes were obtained from the children's mothers, using the 24-hour recall method. The average height and weight of the children were 114.2 cm and 20.3 kg, respectively. Mean age, body weight, height and Kaup index were not significantly different between groups consisting of boys or girls. Assessment by the Kaup index showed that 14.0% of children were underweight, 69.0% were normal weight, 13.0% were overweight, and 4% were obese. The daily intakes of calcium, potassium, fiber, and folic acid in the group of boys were 77.7%, 58.5%, 80.4% and 88.9% respectively. as compared with the DRIs. The daily intakes of calcium, potassium, fiber, and folic acid in the group of girls were 77.7%, 58.5%, 80.4% and 88.9%, respectively. as compared with the DRIs. Intakes of protein, phosphorus, iron, zinc, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C, and vitamin E were higher than the DRIs. There were no difference among 3 groups (underweight, normal, overweight) in energy or nutrient intake. Preschool children with screen time (TV viewing and computer and/or video games use time) of >2 hours per day had significantly higher Kaup index values, and intakes of energy, carbohydrate, folic acid and zinc. In conclusion, preschool children with reported screen time (TV viewing and computer and/or video games use time) of >2 hours per day were fatter. Therefore, we need further investigate the relation between diet and screen time in preschool children to improve future nutrition education programs. Further studies are required to explore the effects of food intake and screen time (TV viewing and computer and/or video games use time) over a longer period of time.