• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.120-130
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• 2009

This study focuses on the methodology of an ecological interpretation of Korean traditional landscapes through both life-oriented philosophy and traditional Korean philosophy which are similar to ecology. Also, useful tools for discovering an ecological technique of formation based on the ecological thoughts in ancestors' life are shown. Ecological key words as interpretative tools on the traditional landscape replaced ecological concepts in Korean culture and landscape. There are 'Bonsung(本性; the original nature)', 'Chungjeol(中絶; moderation)', 'Hyoyul(效率; efficiency)', 'Sangsaeng(相生; symbiosis)', 'Jasaeng(自生; self-generation)', 'Chunghwa(中和; neutralization)', 'Bangtong(旁通; communication)', and 'Byuntong(變通; variableness)'. For the case study, the concepts of 'spatial structure', 'constructive elements in the traditional gardens', and 'structural elements in the dwelling houses' were extracted from $\ulcorner$Imwonkyeongjeji$\lrcorner$ as an interpretative subject. As a result, Jeongon house, Jongtaek of Choi's family(the first incoming resident) showed us an ecological technique of formation by interpretation on the composing elements. Namely, they are natural dwelling houses in harmony with natural conditions and delicate relational styles. Five kinds of ecological characteristics were exposed. They are: 1. land use method following natural features('本性' '相生' '中和'), 2. physical and spatial elements in a body with nature('中絶' '相生' '中和'), 3. sustainable circulation system by recycling limited resources('效率' '自生' '旁通'), 4. use of natural materials based on the regional climate ('中絶' '效率' '自生') and 5. plane and structural decision by microclimate('效率' '自生' '變通'). Consequently, the dwelling houses and their traditional gardens aimed at the consuming space of the efficient resources by utilizing and circulating natural energy more than different types of the traditional spaces.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.12 no.1 s.33
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• pp.25-41
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• 2003

This paper is a study of Le Corbusier's trace regulateur of the 1920s, particularly its role in the design of the Villas La Roche-Jeanneret and Stein-de Monzie. It proceeds on the basis of the following three themes: first, the relation between the regulating line and the dom-ino frame; second, its status as a proportional device based not on a module system but one that defines relations; third, its function as an essential practical device in the design process. In the Villa La Roche-Jeanneret, the embedded horizontal planes of the dom-ino frame were constant, but the vortical lines of the columns were altered according to the changes in plan. Initially, a left-hand bay window formed a symmetry with the right-hand bay window, the only constant in the design process. With subsequent changes, mullion sections of the horizontal window and roof elements came to provide the reference points for the regulating line. Eventually, a regulating line different from the one that controlled the bay window and the elongated volume came to control the entrance hall of Villa La Roche, resulting in three different kinds of regulating lines in the final version. In contrast to the Villa La Roche-Jeanneret, a singular and consistent regulation line was anticipated in the earliest design stages of the Villa Stein-de Monzie. The repetition of its A:B grid and the standard $2.5m{\times}1.0m$ sliding window determined the proportions of both its plan and elevation, and thus the regulating line became 'automatic,' losing its viability as a practical tool. Though the regulating titles of the La Roche-Jeanneret look as if they were an afterthought, drawn after the design was complete, they were most active, requiring tenacity and discipline in their application. On the other hand, the seemingly 'redundant' regulating line of the Villa Stein-de Monzie gains its raison d'etre from the dom-ino frame. Its cantilevers and uninterrupted horizontal window could be used in decisive fashion because of the guarantee that the correct proportion would always be maintained. Thus we discover that Le Corbusier's discipline of the 1920s had a certain spectrum of flexibility. His 'parti' ranged from the extremely loose and malleable grid of the Villa La Roche-Jeanneret to the fixed grid of the Villa Stein-de Monzie. In different ways, these projects retain the tension between the dom-ino frame and the regulating line. For Le Corbusier, as much as the grid was an object with fixed attributes, it was also an active medium manipulated by the will of the architect.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.92-114
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• 2011

The study has its purpose on providing basic resource to enforce the capability of the middle managers by examining the level of performance and the level of awareness about the capabilities of the managers and by understanding the significance of the difference and the reasons for the differences. The source of the study was 195 survey questionnaires that were carried out to the managers of the 9 general hospitals and the method of the analysis was the frequency analysis, analysis of the credibility, matching to sample T-test, independent sample T-test, dispersion analysis, correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression analysis using accumulated variables. The followings are the main result of the study. First, the difference between the level of awareness about the capabilities and the level of performance of the mediator managers in general hospitals had high capability in change management. The following orders were: competence in achievement and behavior, competence in management, competence in recognition, competence in influence, competence in individual effectiveness, and competence in personal relationship service. Second, as the result of the relation analysis in order to understand the correlation between awareness and performance of the mediator managers, everything had significant positive correlation. In the study about the level of importance, the cognitive capability and the management capability had the highest correlation with the correlation number of 0.88. In the study about the level of performance, the cognitive capability, individual capability, and the management capability had the highest correlation with the correlation variable number of 0.79. Third, as the result of studying the reason for the difference between the level of the awareness capability and the level of the performance, lack of the support recognition compensation in the organization level, inappropriate work environment, limit in the regulation were found as the highest reason in the order. As the result of the study, it was concluded that the creation of the efficient capability estimation model and the securement of the system that estimate the capability of the managers should be carried out in order to enforce the capability of the mediator managers in general hospitals.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2009

Objectives: This study was conducted to estimate the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) using EuroQoL-5 Dimension (EQ-5D) and to identify its related factors among urban-dwelling adults. Methods: The data for this study were obtained from 1,134 subjects aged $20\sim91$, who participated in 'Survey on the health status and demand for health' in two cities of Korea (Dong-gu, Gwangju and Suncheon-si, Jeollanamdo). The HRQOL was measured using the EQ-5D instrument and EQ-5D index scores were calculated by two Korean valuation study model using time trade-off method. Results: The mean EQ-5D index scores for all subjects were $0.865{\pm}0.218$ (model A), and $0.921{\pm}0.170$ (model B). The EQ-5D index score was significantly different according to demographic and socioeconomic characteristics (gender, age, marital status, education, occupation, income, and health security system), self-rated health condition, health-related psychological assessments (enough sleep, fatigue rate, stress rate, and degree of satisfaction on the residence). The results of multiple linear regression showed that age, marital status, income, coverage of medical insurance, self-rated health condition, and fatigue rate were significantly related common statistical factors of HRQOL in two Korean valuation study model. Conclusion: Among the adults residing in urban environment, the HRQOL was significantly lower on the subjects with following conditions: higher age, being alone without a spouse as a result of death, divorce or separation, low income, medical aid program, poor self-rated health condition, and chronic fatigue. In order to improve the urban adults' quality of life, healthcare policy and health promotion program must be developed with considerations to factors related to the HRQOL.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.101-109
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• 2011

As climate change is becoming the main issue, various efforts are focused on saving building energy consumption both at home and abroad. In particular, it is very important to save energy by maintenance, repair and rehabilitation of existing multi-family housing complex, because energy consumption in residential buildings is not only forming a great part of gross energy consumption in Korea but the number of deteriorated complexes is also sharply increasing. However, energy saving is not considered as a main factor in decision making on rehabilitation project. Also, any supporting tool is not appropriately prepared in existing process. As the first step for development of decision support system on rehabilitation, this paper developed a breakdown structure, which makes clusters of multi-family housing complexes. Decision tree, one of data mining methods, was used to make clusters based on the characteristics and energy consumption data of multi-family housing complexes. Energy saving and CO2 reduction will be maximized by considering energy consumption during rehabilitation process of multi-family housing complex, based on these results and following research.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.473-481
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• 2017

It is well known that the air quality of 92% of the world is known to exceed the standard of WTO and the death caused by air pollution is almost 6 million per year. The $PM_{2.5}$ concentration in Korea is the second most serious among the OECD countries following Turkey. Since the $PM_{2.5}$ has a direct effect on the respiratory system, it has been actively studied in domestic and foreign countries. But current research on the $PM_{2.5}$ is limited in weather factor or air pollutants. In this paper, we consider the influence of spatial neighbor with weather factor or air pollutants using spatial panel model. We applied the proposed method to 25 borough of Seoul in Korea. The result shows a significant effect of spatial neighbor on the $PM_{2.5}$ concentration fields.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.18-26
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• 2015

Background: The recent change in pharmaceutical education system following the paradigm shift to patient-oriented pharmacy service requires an in-depth discussion to reorganize a future direction and establish a basis for maximizing social values of community pharmacy service. Objective: This study was conducted to review the current status of community pharmacy service provision in Korea based on published literatures. Methods: The electronic databases of National Digital Science Library and Electronic National Assembly Library were used to search the journal articles and dissertation papers. A search term "community pharmacy" was used and the published period was limited to papers published after year 2001, when the legal separation of prescribing and dispensing was implemented. Relevant study reports were also searched manually. Information about pharmacy service provision and study outcomes were retrieved from the selected papers, and classified by predefined individual service scope. Results: A total 33 papers reporting services provided by community pharmacies were selected (journal article 11, dissertation paper 17, and study report 5). Pharmacy services identified in these papers could be classified into prescription dispensing service, pharmaceutical care service, self medication service, other products service, and health promotion service. Twenty papers reported prescription dispensing services, three papers reported pharmaceutical care service, and only two papers reported health promotion service. Current community pharmacy services are highly dependent on prescription drugs while expanded services such as pharmaceutical care and health promotion are peripheral. Most prevalent research topic was medication counseling service (18 papers), reflecting that community pharmacists generally consider it to be the most important and fundamental service. Overall, current pharmacy services are very limited and focus on prescription dispensing service. Conclusion: At this point of time requiring expansion and quality improvement of community pharmacy services, we suggest further lively discussion to strengthen pharmacist's functional identity and set conditions for providing socially expected services.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.252-269
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• 2016

This study was conducted to analyze the influence of the service quality of the food court on customer satisfaction, revisit intention in a discount store. Among the 400 surveys, 371 participants were collected and 350 respondents were analyzed for the statistical analysis to verify research purposes. SPSS 21.0 program was used to derive the following: factor analysis, reliability analysis, simple regression, and multiple regression analysis. Results shown that, first, service quality at the discount store can affect the customer's satisfaction. The factors which can affect the customer's satisfaction are type, empathy and credibility but guarantee and reactivity don't affect it. Second, service quality at the discount store can affect a customer's revisiting. The factors which can affect the customer's revisiting are type, guarantee, empathy and credibility but reactivity doesn't affect it. Third, the customer's satisfaction at the discount store can affect the customer's revisit intention. Through this study, food court service quality can affect not only the customers' satisfaction but also consumers' revisit intention. Therefore, the company and the management need to keep researching and developing various menus, customer service training, and hygiene training in order to set the customer at ease along with making a comfortable mood and set up a dine out & meeting system.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.219-225
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• 2003

Purpose: Platelet Rich Plasma(PRP) application is increasing with sinus inlay bone graft, but there is few research with radiographic ananlysis on effect of PRP in maxillary sinus. The author investigated the amount of bony changes of maxillary sinus for dental implantation among the patients with maxillary inlay graft. Materials and Methods: With 10 patients who were treated with sinus inlay autologous bone grafting combined with PRP technique, and with 5 patients who were treated with sinus inlay grafting only without PRP, the panoramic radiographys which were taken at preoperation, immediate postoperation, 3months postoperation, and 4 months postoperation(a month after dental implantation)periods were analysed. The films had been scanned, and then proceeded throughout image analysis system. The bone density of maxillary grafted sites was compared with adjacent tooth enamel density and remeasured according to density luminosity of each film. The density changes on PRP group and bone graft only group were analysed with non-parameteric statistics method. Results: In PRP combined patients group, bone density on postoperation periods was increased totally. The remarkable enhanced change of bone density was observed on 3 months postoperation period, thereafter the increasing rate was slightly reduced. In only bone graft patients group, bone density on postoperation periods was also increased compared with preoperation period, but the bone density of 4 months postoperation period was decreased compared with 3 months postoperation period. The amount of bone density on PRP group was significantly changed according to periods in contrast to bone graft only group. Conclusion: The bone density on PRP group was remarkably increased at 3 months postoperation compared to bone graft only group and it was seemed to be associated with more new bone formation, less grafted bone resorption at bone grafted sites with PRP.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.599-610
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• 2001

Due to an increasing interest in esthetics and concerns about toxic and allergic reactions to certain alloys, patients and dentists have been looking for metal-free tooth-colored restorations. Recent improvement in technology of new all-ceramic materials and composite materials has broadened the options for esthetic single crown restorations. The aim of this investigation was to study the fracture strength of the metal-free posterior single crowns fabricated using two recently introduced systems, Empress 2 ceramic and Targis-Vectris. Forty premolar-shaped stainless steel dies with the 1mm-wide circumferential shoulder were prepared. Ten cylindrical crowns having a diameter of 8.0mm and total height of 7.5mm were fabricated for each crown system respectively(PFM, Empress staining technique, Empress 2 layering technique, and Targis- Vectris). The crowns were filled with cement and placed on the stainless steel dies with firm finger pressure. The crowns were then stored in distilled water at room temperature for 24 hours before testing. The crowns were tested for fracture strength in an Instron universal testing machine (Instron 6022). With a crosshead speed of 1mm/min the center of the occlusal surface of the crown was loaded using a 4-mm-diameter stainless steel ball until fracture occurred. The fracture surfaces of the crowns were gold coated and examined using scanning electron microscopy(Jeol JSM-840 Joel Ltd., Akishima, Tokyo, Japan). Within the parameters of this study the following conclusions were drawn: 1. The mean fracture strength for PFM crowns was 5829(${\pm}906$)N; for Empress staining technique the fracture strength was 1697(${\pm}604$)N; for Empress 2 Layering technique the fracture strength was 1781N(${\pm}400$)N, and the fracture strength for Targis- Vectris was 3093(${\pm}475$)N. 2. The fracture strength of the PFM crowns was significantly higher than that of the Empress 2 and the Targis-Vectris crowns (P<0.05). 3. The fracture strength of the Targis-Vectris crowns was significantly higher than that of the Empress 2 crowns (P<0.05). 4. No statistical difference was found when Empress staining technique was compared with Empress 2 layering technique. 5. The SEM image of fracture surface of Empress 2 crown showed a very dense microstructure of the lithium disilicate crystals and the SEM image of fracture surface of Targis-Vectris crown showed indentations of Vectris and some fibers tom off from Vectris.