• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.102-106
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• 2015

The performance of Li-B alloy as anode for molten salt electrolysis was firstly investigated. The crystalline phase of the prepared Li-B alloy was identified as $Li_7B_6$. The potential profile of Li-B alloy anode was monitored during the electrodeposition of $Nd^{3+}$ onto an LCC (liquid cadmium cathode) in molten LiCl-KCl salt at $500^{\circ}C$. The potential of Li-B alloy was increased from -2.0 V to -1.4 V vs. Ag/AgCl by increasing the applied current from 10 to $50mA{\cdot}cm^{-2}$. It was found that not only the anodic dissolution of Li to $Li^+$ but also the dissolution of the atomic lithium ($Li^0$) into the LiCl-KCl eutectic salt was observed, following the concomitant reduction of $Nd^{3+}$ by the $Li^0$ in Li-B alloy. It was expected that the direct reduction could be restrained by maintaining the anode potential higher that the deposition potential of neodymium.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.139-162
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• 2009

This paper confirms previous results indicating that the expenditure elasticity of demand for polluting goods plays an important role in achieving efficiency gains from tax reforms. Moreover, this paper finds that the results of the tax reforms depend not only on the size of the expenditure elasticity for the polluting goods but also on the relative size of the expenditure elasticities between polluting goods and clean goods. It also shows that in order to enhance the overall tax efficiency by the environmental tax reform, the expenditure elasticity of demand for clean goods should be larger than that of polluting goods. The result implies the following policy suggestion: When the tax authority considers green tax reforms, the expenditure elasticities should not be neglected to achieve gains in the overall efficiency of the tax system.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.801-809
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• 2007

Purpose: This study was aimed at exploring the current status of graduate programs for an advanced practice nurse(APN) to recommend future directions of APN education. Methods: A total of 142 students enrolled in seven APN specialty programs, 67 professors who were involved in APN education, and nine nurse administrators participated in the study. Data was collected by questionnaires and focus group interviews. Results: The current definition of APN was found not to be specific enough to represent expected roles of APN in regards to knowledge, attitudes, roles, and skills. Standard curricula employed regardless of the area of APN specialty, lack of qualified clinical practice settings, as well as prepared instructors were found to be problematic. Conclusion: The following needs to be addressed: 1. redefining of APN roles, 2. tailoring specialty areas of APN, 3. consolidating educational programs, and 4. ensuring APN role models and faculty. Suggesting a CNS role in Korean APN, areas of APN should be rearranged toclarify their roles and educational programs need to be further developed to meet the expectations and quality of APNs. It is necessary to ensure APN's employment in the health care system by laws and policies to perform advanced nursing roles.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.87-96
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• 2018

Purpose: The present study aimed to evaluate which of the following imaging methods best assessed misfit at the tooth-restoration interface: (1) bitewing radiographs, both conventional and digital, performed using a photostimulable phosphor plate (PSP) and a charge-coupled device (CCD) system; (2) panoramic radiographs, both conventional and digital; and (3) cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: Forty healthy human molars with class I cavities were selected and divided into 4 groups according to the restoration that was applied: composite resin, composite resin with liner material to simulate misfit, dental amalgam, and dental amalgam with liner material to simulate misfit. Radiography and tomography were performed using the various imaging methods, and the resulting images were analyzed by 2 calibrated radiologists. The true presence or absence of misfit corresponding to an area of radiolucency in regions subjacent to the esthetic and metal restorations was validated with microscopy. The data were analyzed using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and the scores were compared using the Cohen kappa coefficient. Results: For bitewing images, the digital systems (CCD and PSP) showed a higher area under the ROC curve (AUROC) for the evaluation of resin restorations, while the conventional images exhibited a larger AUROC for the evaluation of amalgam restorations. Conventional and digital panoramic radiographs did not yield good results for the evaluation of resin and amalgam restorations (P<.05). CBCT images exhibited good results for resin restorations(P>.05), but showed no discriminatory ability for amalgam restorations(P<.05). Conclusion: Bitewing radiographs (conventional or digital) should be the method of choice when assessing dental restoration misfit.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.273-281
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• 2001

Digital subtraction radiography may be one of the most precise and noninvasive methods for assessing subtle density changes in peri-implant bone, providing additional diagnostic information on implant tissue integration in overall maintenance. The aims of this study were to evaluate density changes after first, second surgery of dental implant and to measure the amount of marginal bone loss 9 months after second surgery using digital subtraction radiography. Bone change around 30 screw-shaped implants in 16 patients were assessed on radiographs. 17 Branemark implants of 3.75mm in diameter(Nobel Biocare, Goteborg, Sweden), 2 Branemark implants of 5.0mm in diameter, 11 $Replace^{TM}$ implants of 4.3mm in diameter(Nobel Biocare, Goteborg, Sweden) were used. To standardize the projection geometry of serial radiographs of implants, customized bite block was fabricated using XCP film holder(Rinn Corporation, Elgin, IL.) with polyether impression material of Impregum(ESPE, Germany) and direct digital image was obtained. Qualitative and quantitative changes on radiographs were measured with Emago software(The Oral Diagnostic System, Amsterdam, Netherlands). The results were as follows: 1. The peri-implant bone density of 69.2% implants did not change and the peri-implant bone density of 30.8% implants decreased after 3 months following first surgery. 2. The crestal bone density of 53.9% implants decreased first 3 months after second surgery. The crestal bone density of 58.8% implants increased 9 months after second surgery. No density change was observed around the midportion of the implants after second surgery, 3. The amount of marginal bone loss between different kinds of implants showed no statistically significant differences (p>0.05). 4. More than 90% of total marginal bone loss recorded in a 9-month period occurred during the first 3 months.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.440-448
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• 1996

Bronchial carcinoid tumors are uncommon, constituting approximately 3-5% of all primary lung cancers. Classification of these tumors has evolved substantially as our understanding of the cellular, biologic, and clinical aspects of these neoplasms has improved. Initially, bronchial carcinoids were thought to be benign and therefore were classified as bronchial adenomas. Currently, however, they are well recognized as having the potential for both local invasion and distant metastatic involvement. Consequently, carcinoid tumors are frankly malignant. Thus bronchial adenoma is a misnomer that should no longer be used for bronchial carcinoids. Most investigators currently favor classifying carcinoid tumors as a type of neuroendocrine neoplasm because of their potential to secrete a variety of chemical substances found in both the central nervous system and the epithelial cells of numerous organs. Bronchial carcinoids are usually characterized by a slow growth pattern and a low incidence of metastasis, and histologically conformed by the azurophil staining and the presence of the characteristic neurosecretary granule on electron microscopy. Atypical carcinoid tumor was first defined by Arrigoni et al, who proposed the following criteria for separation of atypical carcinoid from typical carcinoid tumor : 1) increased mitotic activity with 1 mitotic figure per 1-2 high power fields(or 5-10 mitoses /10 HPF), 2) nuclear pleomorphism, hyperchromatism, and an abnormal nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio, 3) areas of increased cellularity with disorganization of the architecture, and 4) tumor necrosis. In contrast, typical carcinoid tumor may have focal cytologic pleomorphism, but necrosis is absent and mitotic figures are rare. Recently we experienced a case of atypical bronchial carcinoid with multiple distant metastasis, so we report this case with a review of the literature.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.9 no.1 s.16
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• pp.1-6
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• 2005

This paper proposes a high performance multiplier using CMOS multiple-valued logic circuits. The multiplier based on the Modified Baugh-Wooley algorithm is designed with current-mode CMOS quaternary logic circuits. The multiplier is functionally partitioned into the following major sections: partial product generator block(binary-quaternary logic conversion block), current-mode quaternary logic full-adder block, and quaternary-binary logic conversion block. The proposed multiplier has 4.5ns of propagation delay and 6.1mW of power consumption. This multiplier can easily adapted to the binary system by the encoder and the decoder. This circuit is designed with 0.35um standard CMOS process at 3.3V supply voltage and 5uA unit current. The validity and effectiveness are verified through the HSPICE simulation.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.151-163
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to find options which reduce the job stress and to enhance morale through a variable analysis, and also apply this data in the legal and administration fields. The data for the research was obtained from 217 dental hygienists working in the dental clinics, dental hospitals and university's dental hospitals' in Seoul. The tool used by this study was a Questionnaire measuring on-the-job stress of dental hygienists, was a modified and revised. The Questionnaire version used to measure bank's job stress and used to suggest options by Dae-ha Yoon(1991). Classification of items for measuring job stress was based on Theoretical Study on Job Stress by Dae-hyon Song(1986). The scale used in study was the two points (yes or no in the job stress) scale measuring for variables. The period of data collection was 30 days from December 4, 1995 to January 5, 1996. The methods of data collection were self-writing, direct visit, and postal Questionnaire answering, 224 copies of Questionnaire data were collected, but only 217 copies were used. 7 copies could not be analyzed, were not used for this study. The data analysis was conducted by SPSS after coding the collected raw data. The general characteristics was obtained from real digits and percentages. In order to analyze the difference of sub-variables against the job stress based on general characteristics. Mean, Standard Deviation, and F test (ANDVA) were conducted. The following were the results of job stress variables: 1. Meaningful variable affecting the working organization, is compensation system(p〈0.03). 2. Meaningful variable affecting the working period, is work overload(p〈0.02). 3. Meaningful variable affecting average patients per day, is the career management and payment(p〈0.04, p〈0.01). 4. Meaningful variable affecting number of staff, is the comrade relationship, role conflict among patients, work overload, and job overload(p〈0.000, p〈0.05, p〈0.04, p〈0.01). The comrade relationship is most affected to the number of staffs aides. 5. Meaningful variables affecting job diversion, are the desire and value, the non-role play, and the environment(p〈0.003, p〈0.02, p〈0.005).

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.47-55
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• 2001

For several years by discussion and research, the designing plan and detail plans of year 2000 has been unified. By this result the District Standard Planning as well as the following existing town to control all sorts of living surrounding problems and to make a delightful arranged town are the purpose, which is carrying out all over the country. It is true that the expectation was high to the District Standard Planning. Because of this plan it could use and control the District special quality. Such as, it could rise the ability of beautiful sight and make a advisable town. But in this study the first preceding subject is a problem by the constructing work that the restriction and the standard application has been strong. So the District Standard Planning had many problems. And also by the problems here, as a immoderate volition and stiffen about the operation, the system and equipment lack about the environment improving work, problems with areas by the exciting plannings, the attitude of the executive agency that can't accept the inhabitants will. From these backgrounds we thought the research has not to be standardize in only newtown concept, but has to breath with the exciting towns and the rural areas that the District Planning has been applied. And to revive the special quality of the area and local government by a positive and logical research. Consequently in this study, we researched about the problems of architectures that had issues with the District Standard Planning of architectural part of operation guide which has been assisted form Single-Detached House in Eomsa District Dooma-Myun Nonsan which is located in Chungnam province.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.257-265
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• 2010

This research aims to grasp ripple effect of land space by assuming the linkage of transcontinental railway, asian highway, rail ferry and undersea tunnel. The result of research was drawn positively. But all region don't have same result. Pacific Yellow Sea of Chnia has better route on the present sea transport. The other region has better route on changing network. This research has some academic significants as a research start in an unexplored field and basic research for following research. Also, Academic contribution is in attempt to analyze effect size, change of effect and contribution of balance development by linkage of ultra infra structure and gives political proposals for related research development.