• 멤브레인
• /
• 제15권1호
• /
• pp.52-61
• /
• 2005

폴리에틸렌 정밀여과 모세관막을 이용한 벤토나이트 콜로이드 현탁액의 투과유속 감소특성을 검토하였다. 운전시간이 경과하면서 투과유속이 감소되는 원인은 막표면 위에서 케익층의 성장과 입자들에 의한 세공막힘 때문이었으며, 운전시간이 경과하여 정상상태에 도달하면 투과유속은 케익여과 모델에 의해 지배받는다. 운전압력이 높은 경우의 투과유속 감소는 세공막힘과 케익층이 치밀해졌기 때문이다. 운전압력이 증가함에 따라 J/J₁는 감소하였으며, 0.5 kg/sub f//㎠일 때의 45%, 2.0 kg/sub f//㎠일 때 38%로 감소하였다. 운전압력 0.5 kg/sub f//㎠에서 총 막오염에 대한 성분오염의 비율은 표준세공막힘 14.6%, 완전세공막힘 23.4% 그리고 케익여과 62.0% 이었다. 순환흐름속도의 증가로 인해 투과유속은 증가하였고, 그 효과는 운전압력이 1.0 kg/sub f//㎠일 때가 운전압력 2.0 kg/sub f//㎠ 경우보다 컸다. 세공크기가 0.34 ㎛인 막의 투과유속은 세공의 크기가 0.24 ㎛인 막보다 컸으며, 용액의 농도에 따른 투과유속은 농도가 낮은 용액이 컸다. 세공크기가 0.34 ㎛인 막의 막오염 형태는 유사하지만 농도가 200 ppm인 용액의 경우 1000 ppm인 용액에 비하여 상대적으로 미약한 세공막힘 현상을 보였다.

• 멤브레인
• /
• 제16권1호
• /
• pp.68-76
• /
• 2006

본 연구는 투과증발법을 이용하여 수용액 중 미량의 감귤 향 성분을 농축하는 방법으로, 4종류의 실록산계 고분자 복합막을 이용하여 막 종류와 구조에 따른 투과 특성을 살펴보았다. 또한 최적의 막을 선정하여 공급액의 온도와 농도, 순환 유속에 따른 투과 특성을 살펴보고, 이를 resistance-in series model을 이용하여 해석하였다. 4종류의 실록산계 고분자 복합막을 통한 감귤 essence aroma 모델액의 투과 실험에서 지지층이 polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)이고 활성층이 polyoctylmethyl siloxane (POMS)인 막이 가장 높은 향 성분 플럭스와 농축계수 값을 나타내었으며, 공급액의 온도와 농도, 순환유속을 변화시키며 투과 실험을 하였다. 그 결과 공급액의 온도와 농도가 증가됨에 따라 향성분의 플럭스는 증가하고 농축계수 값은 감소하였으며 순환유속이 증가됨에 따라 향성분의 플럭스와 농축계수 값 모두 증가하였다.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
• /
• 제6권2호
• /
• pp.161-172
• /
• 2015

Forward osmosis (FO) is an emerging membrane technology with potential applications in desalination and wastewater reclamation. The osmotic pressure gradient across the FO membrane is used to generate water flux. In this study, flux performance and foulant deposition on the FO membrane were systematically investigated with a co-current cross-flow membrane system. Sodium alginate (SA), bovine serum albumin (BSA) and tannic acid (TA) were used as model foulants. Organics adsorbed on the membrane were peeled off via oscillation and characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). When an initial flux of $8.42L/m^2h$ was applied, both flux reduction and foulant deposition were slight for the feed solution containing BSA and TA. In comparison, flux reduction and foulant deposition were much more severe for the feed solution containing SA, as a distinct SA cake-layer was formed on the membrane surface and played a crucial role in membrane fouling. In addition, as the initial SA concentration increased in FS, the thickness of the cake-layer increased remarkably, and the membrane fouling became more severe.

• 상하수도학회지
• /
• 제20권4호
• /
• pp.617-626
• /
• 2006

Compared with the sludge from gravity sedimentation, it is difficult for operations to settle the sludge occurred from dissolved-air-flotation (DAF). Even though there are some problems in treating DAF sludge with conventional gravity thickeners, those has been used until now. In this study, Solid Flux theory for gravity thickening was applied to the Solid Flux of DAF sludge through flotation in order to develop new methodology for treatment of DAF sludge. Also, characteristics of DAF sludge were investigated. From the experiment results, it was revealed that the higher the polymer dosage, at fixed the solid concentration, the greater the rising velocity becomes. When we applied solid flux theory, the relationship, which is similar to that of gravity thickening, has been achieved. Also, we could find the proper polymer dosage from the rising velocity is about 50 mg/L. Consequently, the limiting solid flux can be derived from the relationship between the total solid flux and the withdrawal velocity of DAF sludge. Furthermore, the factors, such as solid concentrations, bubble volume, pH, zeta potential, and temperature, have effects on the flotation and sedimentation for DAF sludge treatment.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• 제29권4호
• /
• pp.337-341
• /
• 1999

We have studied the stability and transdennal flux of prostaglandin $E_1\;(PGE_1)$ from various donor solutions through hairless mouse skin. Stability in HEPES buffer or in propylene glycol (PG) solution where enhancer (oleic acid (OA), propylene glycol monolaurate (PGML), transcutol (TC), ethanol (EtOH))s dissolved was investigated. $$PGE_1 was not stable in HEPES buffer. The concentration of $$PGE_1 decreased continuously for 7 days, and the degradation rate constant was $0.0028\;h^{-1}$, assuming first order reaction. The effect of current or penetration enhancer on the degradation was minimal. Percutaneous transport from HEPES buffer by passive or iontophoretic delivery without enhancer was close to nil. When OA or PGML was used together with PG, both passive and iontophoretic flux increased. PGML showed better enhancing effect than OA. Flux by cathodal delivery was about 2 times larger than that by passive delivery. Flux by anodal delivery was lower than that by passive delivery. TC and EtOH also increased the transdermal flux, but the effect was not as good as that observed when OA or PGML was used. These stability and flux data provide important information on how to formulate the patch, which will be the next step of this work, and on the polarity of current to use during iontophoresis.

• 연구논문집
• /
• 통권31호
• /
• pp.5-14
• /
• 2001

These days, interest in the leaching of hazardous heavy metals to consist of incinerator fly ash is increasing, because the heavy metals that leach from the incinerator fly ash pollute the soil and ground water. Therefore this study was undertaken to crystallize the fly ash and prevent the leaching of hazardous heavy metals from fly ash. The concentrations and the leaching concentration of hazardous heavy metals(Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, Zn) in the law incinerator fly ash have been measured. The fly ash was melted with two kinds of flux($Na_2CO_3, CaCO_3$) and its add quantity(0, 1, 2, 3 wt%). The crystal structure of melting materials was analyzed by SEM(Scaning Electron Microscope) and X-RD(X-Ray Diffractometer). The leaching test of melting materials was undertaken. And the relation between crystallization of melting materials and flux and leaching concentration. These experiments indicate that the concentration and leaching concentration of heavy metals in incinerator fly ash was much higher than the regulatory standard for leachates in Korea and U.S.A and average concentration of heavy metals in soil. And the crystal structure was better.

• 상하수도학회지
• /
• 제32권1호
• /
• pp.47-53
• /
• 2018

This study investigated phosphorus removal from secondary treated effluent using coagulation-membrane separation hybrid treatment to satisfy strict regulation in wastewater treatment. The membrane separation process was used to remove suspended phosphorus particles after coagulation/settlement. Membrane separation with $0.2{\mu}m$ pore size of micro filtration membrane could reduce phosphorus concentration to 0.02 mg P/L after coagulation with 1 mg Al/L dose of polyaluminum chloride (PACl). Regardless of coagulant, the residual concentration of phosphorus decreased as the dose increased from 1.5 to 3.5 mg Al/L, while the target concentration of 0.05 mg P/L or less was achieved at 2.5 mg Al/L for the aluminum sulfate (Alum) and 3.5 mg Al/L for PACl. Moreover, alum showed better membrane flux as make bigger particles than PACl. Alum showed a 40% of flux decrease at 2.5 mg Al/L dose, while PACl indicated a 50% decrease of membrane flux even with a higher dose of 3.5 mg Al/L. Thus, alum was more effective coagulant than PACl considering phosphorus removal and membrane flux as well as its dose. Consequently, the coagulation-membrane separation hybrid treatment could be mitigate regulation on phosphorus removal as unsettleable phosphorus particles were effectively removed by membrane after coagulation.

• 멤브레인
• /
• 제9권3호
• /
• pp.185-192
• /
• 1999

반도체 산업의 wafer 가공공정에서 발생하는 폐수를 재활용하고자 한외여과 공정을 이용한 막분리 공정의 도입 가능성을 검토하였다. Pilot 규모의 장치에 분획분자량이 각각 10,000, 20.000, 30,000인 한외여과막 모듈을 이용하여 투과유속 및 제거율 등을 측정하였다. 투과수의 성상은 SDI15, 탁도, 전기전도도, 실리콘 농도분석을 통해 공정수로 재이용이 가능함을 확인할 수 있었다. 투과유속 저하를 막기 위한 역세척 방법으로는 압축공기와 물은 sweeping 하는 방법이 가장 효과적이었고, 이때 투과유속의 회복율이 높게 나타났다. 분획분자량 30,000인 한외여과막에서 가장 높은 투과유속을 나타내었다. 또한 폐수의 평균 실리콘 입자 평균 함량은 3.8-5.6mg/$\ell$이고, 투과수의 실리콘 입자 함량은 0.2${\mu}g$/$\ell$이하로 나타나 제거율은약 96%이상으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• 제41권1호
• /
• pp.9-17
• /
• 2011

The objective of this work is to study transdermal delivery of calcitonin using iontophoresis and to evaluate various factors which affect the transdermal transport. We have studied the effect of polarity, current density, drug concentration, penetration enhancers (isopropyl myristate [IPM] and ethanol) and laser treatment on transdermal flux and the results were compared. We also investigated the iontophoretic flux from microemulsions containing calcitonin together with oleic acid (OA) or IPM. In vitro flux study was performed at $33^{\circ}C$, using side-by-side diffusion cell and full thickness hairless mouse skin. Anodal delivery at pH 3.0 was much larger than cathodal and passive delivery, due to the positive charge of calcitonin. Cumulative amount delivered (CUM) by cathodal or passive delivery was close to zero for 10 hours. The pretreatment of skin by neat IPM markedly increased the CUM anodically. CUM increased as the current density, drug concentration or the duration of IPM treatment increased. Microemulsion containing IPM or oleic acid was prepared and the phase diagram was constructed. CUM also increased when IPM was incorporated into a microemulsion. OA microemulsion showed similar enhancing effect to IPM microemulsion. The delivery of calcitonin from 70% (v/v) ethanol aqueous solution showed a large increase in flux. Laser treatment of skin before flux experiment exhibited about 2 fold increase in total calcitonin amount transported for 12 hours, when compared to that delivered by IPM microemulsion. Based on these results, we have evaluated the possibility of delivering enough amount of calcitonin to reach the therapeutic level. The data suggest that it is highly possible to deliver clinically effective amount of calcitonin using iontophoresis patch with small area (<10 $cm^2$).

• Ocean and Polar Research
• /
• 제26권4호
• /
• pp.635-646
• /
• 2004

Chronic outbreaks of green tide in the Nakdong estuary toll a heavy socioeconomic cost. The paper investigates the influence of sediments on the nitrogen eutrophication, being claimed as the primary cause of green tide. To measure the flux of nitrate at the sediments-water interface, sediment cores were taken in Jan., Mar., May and Sep., 2000 at Noksan located in the West-Nakdong river estuary. The dissolved oxygen was profiled and then the pore water was extracted in situ. Core samples were analyzed for their textural characteristics. Cores were incubated by a novel technique to measure the fluxes of nitrate $(NO_3^-)$ and ammonia $(NH_4^+)$ at the sediment-water interface. The dissolved oxygen was depleted usually within several millimeters in the top sediments. Nitrate started to decrease drastically at the layer where dissolved oxygen was nearly depleted. Nitrate was also exhausted within several centimeters, followed by ammonia build up rapidly. The flux at the sediments-water interface calculated from the pore water concentrations revealed that nitrate was removed from the water column into the sediments. The sediment incubation experiment confirmed the above result. On the other hand ammonia were released from the sediment to the water column. As the incubation went on, however, the nitrate concentration in the overlying water was dropped below that of a top sediment. Then the flux is reversed, i.e., nitrate was released from the sediments to the water column. The implication is that the sediment can supply nitrate to the water column if it falls below a certain level. Thus it is likely that sediments in the eutrophicated river buffers the nitrate concentration in the water column, which leads to a prolonged green tide.