• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.111-122
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• 2008

Objective : Herb medicines are potential sources of useful edible and medicinal plants. They are used as a drug because of their various biological activities such as immunomodulatory, antiviral, and antitumor functions. Nelumbo nucifera have been applied in Chinese herbal prescriptions to improve tissue inflammation. However, it has not been elucidated on the effect of the flower of Nelumbo nucifera in cells. Method : In the present study, to examine the effect of that on glioma cells, U87, the essential oil was extracted from the flower of Nelumbo nucifera (NN essential oil). U87 cells were exposed to different concentrations of 2-40 ug/ml of NN essential oil in ethanol. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay at 24 h. To find out the intracellular target signal molecule(s) for this antiproliferative activity of NN essential oil, phosphorylation of Akt, ERM, MAPK or p38 proteins were examined by Western blot analysis. To study long term effect of NN essential oil in U87 cells, the image of cells treated with NN essential oil for 4 days were obtained. Results and Conclusion : NN essential oil was shown to exhibit antitumor activity in glioma cells, at a broad range of concentrations of 10-40 ug/ml. The phosphorylation of Akt and Endoplasmic Reticulum Matrix (ERM) proteins which known to be involved in the cell death, were gradually decreased to 2 hours after addition 20 ug/ml of NN essential oil. However, the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein (MAPK) and p38 was found to increase in NN essential oil treated cells. NN essential oil treated cells showed decreased glioma cell number. These results provide a possible NN essential oil-induced inhibitory signal for tumor cell proliferation that is initiated by the decrease in Akt activity. Moreover, it is likely that the activation of p38 is required for the NN essential oil-induced inhibition of tumor proliferation.

• 약학회지
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.27-29
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• 2004

The essential oil fractions from six plant parts including leaf of Zanthoxylum piperitum and flower of Lindera obtusiloba have revealed to possess resistance inhibitory activity on antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus SA2 when combined with ohloramphenicol (Cm). The combination of Cm and essential oil mixtures showed potent resistance inhibition in the level of 10∼20 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.122-127
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• 2008

The aroma constituents of Chrysanthemum indicum L. were separated by the hydro distillation extraction method using a Clevenger-type apparatus, and were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The yield of Chrysanthemum indicum L. flower oil was 2.0% (w/w) and the color was light golden yellow. Sixty-three volatile flavor components, which make up 89.28% of the total aroma composition of the flower oil, were tentatively characterized. This essential oil contained 35 hydrocarbons (48.75%), 12 alcohols (19.92%), 6 ketones (15.31%), 3 esters (4.61%), 5 aldehydes (0.43%), 1 oxide (0.22%), and 1 miscellaneous component (0.04%). ${\alpha}$-Pinene (14.63%), 1,8-cineol (10.71%) and chrysanthenone (10.01%) were the predominant volatile components in Chrysanthemum indicum L., an aromatic medicinal herbaceous plant.

• 생약학회지
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• 제33권4호통권131호
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• pp.372-375
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• 2002

Mutagenic acivity of essential oils was tested using Salmonella typhimurium TA100 in the presence or absence of 59 fraction prepared from the mouse liver. Growth inhibitory effect of the oils on the bacteria was measured to warrant the mutagenic effect. Most oils were (round to be very strongly toxic against the bacteria at a high dose $(2,000{\mu}g/plate)$. At lower doses than this concentration, the Curcuma longa oil was found to be the most mutagenic with S9 fraction whereas it was not mutagenic without the fraction suggesting that this oil could undergo activation for the mutagenicity by cytochrome P45O. However, the mutagenicity of the Eugenia caryohpylata oil was disappeared under S9 fraction. Other oils obtained from Cinnamomum cassia, Chrysanthemum sibiricum, Paeonia moutan the flower of Artemisia princeps var. Orientalis, Allium sativum, were not mutagenic. This result suggested that antimutagenicity assay on the essential oil is necessary for the biological available substances.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.45-49
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• 2006

꽃노랑총채벌레 성충에 대한 4종 식물정유(muguet flower, patchouli, pennyroyal, spearmint)의 훈증효과를 조사하였다. 그들 중 100%의 훈증효과를 나타낸 정유는 pennyroyal oil과 spearmint oil 이었다. 두 정유에 대한 주요 구성성분을 GC와 GC/MS로 분석한 결과, pennyroyal oil은 pulegone(100.0%), spearmint oil은 ${\beta}-myrcene(3.5%)$, limonene(12.1%), carvone(85.4%)이 주요 구성성분으로 나타났다. 이 성분의 훈증독성 시험결과 carvone과 pulegone은 $1{\mu}{\ell}/45m{\ell}$ air의 약량에서 100%의 높은 훈증독성을 나타내었다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.234-238
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• 2012

The volatile aroma constituents of Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum K. were separated by hydro distillation extraction (HDE) method using a Clevenger-type apparatus, and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The yield of C. zawadskii var. latilobum K. flower essential oil (FEO) was 0.12% (w/w) and the color was light green. Fifty-five volatile chemical components, which make up 88.38% of the total aroma composition, were tentatively characterized. C. zawadskii var. latilobum K. FEOs contained 27 hydrocarbons, 12 alcohols, 7 ketones, 4 esters, 1 aldehyde, 1 amine, and 3 miscellaneous components. The major functional groups were terpene alcohol and ketone. Borneol (12.96), (${\pm}$)-7-epi-amiteol (12.60), and camphor (10.54%) were the predominant volatiles. These compounds can be used in food and pharmaceutical industries due to their active bio-functional properties.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.492-496
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• 2010

자생허브 및 도입허브를 6종 선발하여 정유함량 분포비를 측정하였다. 또한 재배농가와 산업체에 고품질 정유생산을 위한 허브의 품질 및 등급판정 기준설정을 제시하고자 허브의 재배방법 및 수확, 건조방법에 관한 연구를 수행하였다. 대상허브는 꿀풀과 4종, 국화과 2종으로 생활형은 다년초로서 삽목이나 실생이 가능하며, 약용, 관상용, 향료 및 차 등으로 이용하였다. 허브종류별 정유함량으로 백리향 2.62%, 감국 2.0%, 라벤더 3.46%, 로즈마리 2.89% 등에서 높았다. 생육시기별 정유함량은 개화 전보다는 개화기인 7월경에 가장 높았으며, 재배유형별로는 노지재배보다 비가림재배에서 정유함량이 높았다. 또한 재배지역별로는 평야부보다 준고냉지에서의 정유함량이 높았다. 추출방법별로는 SDE(증류추출법)보다는 SFE(초임계추출법)의 정유함량이 2배 이상 높았으며, 추출부위별로는 꽃, 잎, 줄기 순으로 정유함량이 높았다. 수확 후 건조방법별 정유함량은 생체, 동결, 음건, 열풍건조 순으로 정유추출 함량이 높은 결과를 얻어 재배농가 및 가공업체에 허브 재배, 수확 및 건조방법에 대한 기준을 제시하였다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.83-88
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• 1999

배초향 국내 수집종의 생육특성 및 수확시기별 로즈마린산과 정유함량을 조사하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 수집종들의 개화기는 8월 13일${\sim}$8월25일로 진도 수집종이 가장 늦었고 초장은 $120{\sim}170cm$, 주당 분지수는 $13{\sim}21$개, 화방군(花房群)의 길이는 $10{\sim}15cm$였으며, 화방군(花房群)의 수(數)는 $13{\sim}22$개로 수집종간에 유의성이 없었다. 2. 수집종들의 부위별 건물수량 (kg/10a)은 꽃 $109{\sim}156kg$, 잎 $135{\sim}252kg$, 줄기 $421{\sim}932kg$, 뿌리$172{\sim}394kg$으로 꽃과 뿌리에서는 유의성이 없었으며 건물수량은 개화 중기 (9월 20일)에 수확한 것이 가장 많았다. 3. 수집종들의 로즈마린산 함량은 모든 부위에서 유의성이 인정되었는데 꽃 $0.32{\sim}2.34%$, 잎 $0.97{\sim}1.64%$, 줄기 $0.03{\sim}0.21%$, 뿌리 $0.91{\sim}6.56%$로 뿌리의 함량이 가장 높고 줄기의 함량이 가장 낮았다. 4. 잎의 로즈마린산과 정유함량은 개화전(開花前)이 각각 3.76%, 5.78%로 개화후(開花後)의 1.55%, 2.10%보다 더 높았으며 지상부의 로즈마린산 함량은 개화전에 가장 높았으나 정유 함량은 개화말기에 가장 높았다.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.152-156
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• 2001

최근 중국에서 도입되어 경북 북부지방을 중심으로 재배면적이 확대되고 있는 백출의 재배기술확립 시험의 일환으로 화기제거가 생육과 수량에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 시험 수행 한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 백출의 화기제거에 따른 지상부 생육은 무제거에 비해 화기제거에서 초장은 1.7∼2.5cm정도 화기가 제거된 만큼 짧았으며 엽의 크기, 경수와 경직경은 차이가 없었으나 지상부 생체중은 48∼60% 감소되었다. 2. 백출의 화기제거시기별 화기생체중은 화기제거시기가 늦어질수록 무거워져 개화직후에는 주당 39g으로 지상부 생 체 중의 60%를 차지 하였다. 3. 화기제거에 따른 지하부 생육은 무제거에 비해 화뢰출현기제거(7월 15일)와 개화전제거(8월 20일)에서 근경장, 근경직경 등이 컷으며 건근경수량도 유의하게 증수되었는데 화뢰출현기제거구는 290.5kg/10a으로 무제거구보다 40% 증수되어 가장 많았다. 4. 정유함량은 무제거구 0.71m1/50g에 비해 화뢰출현기제거는 12% 개화전 제거는 9%증가한 것으로 나타났으나 개화후 제거는 차이가 없었다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.363-368
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• 2009

To fulfill the increasing demand for a high quality of flower, we investigated the effects of nitrogen application on plant growth, yield and bioactive compounds of Chrysanthemum indicum L.. C. indicum L. was cultivated in a pot scale, and nitrogen applied with the level of 0 (N0), 50 (N50), 100 (N100), 150 (N150), 200 (N200) and $300\;(N300)\;kg\;ha^{-1}$ to suggest optimum rate of nitrogen fertilization. Phosphate and potassium applied the same amount of $80-80\;kg\;ha^{-1}$ ($P_2O_5-K_2O$) in all treatments. Growth characteristics and yields of C. indicum L. were significantly affected by nitrogen application. Maximum yield achieved in 265 and $295\;kg\;ha^{-1}$ N treatment on the whole plant and the flower parts, respectively. The nitrogen content and uptake of whole plant significantly increased by the increase of nitrogen application. Five major components of essential oil, $\alpha$-pinene, 1,8-cineol, chrysanthenone, germacrene-D, and $\alpha$-curcumene in flowerheads of C. indicum L. occupied approximately 40% of peak area, germacrene-D decreased by the increase of nitrogen application among them. However, cumambrin A contents in the flower parts of C. indicum L. were affected negatively by the increase of nitrogen application, but total yields of cumambrin A in flower part significantly increased. Conclusively, nitrogen fertilization could increase the yield of flowerheads. The optimum application level of nitrogen fertilizer might be on the range of $265-295\;kg\;ha^{-1}$ in a mountainous soil.