• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.231-236
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• 2004

Crop productivity would be determined by relative capacity of source and sink. The study was carried out to measure the effects of shading and flower bud pinching on growth and yield of Atractylodes japonica Koidz. Shading treatment after transplanting was done at 100%, 65, 45 or 25% level of natural light intensity but the pinching treatment was to remove all the inflorescences formed after June 10, July 10, August 10 or none. Growth and yield at early and late stages were periodically measured. At the early stage, shading mainly influenced fresh weight rather than morphological characters. At the late stage, however, severer shading decreased numbers of stems, leaves, roots, fraction and total fresh weight. 65% shading from July 1 to September 30 after skipped the emerging and early growth stages showed nearly same growth and morphological characters but more rhizome yield per unit area than non-shading. In flower bud pinching treatment, earlier pinching increased number of roots, fraction fresh weights per plant and rhizome yield per unit area.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.391-394
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• 2000

Girdling and girdling+pinching treatments on 'Sekaiichi' apple remarkably reduced June drop and accelerated fruit growth in early stage of fruit development. Girdling+pinching and pinching reduced bourse shoot growth compared with non-treated control. There were no significant differences in flower bud formation in the following year among treatments. It was assumed that the optimum period for girdling is between 5 days before full bloom and full bloom period.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.31-35
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• 2010

In this experiment, the effects on the growth and the quality of cut flowers of chrysanthemum 'Jinba' were mainly concerned depending on cultural methods between the pinching and the non-pinching. According to the results, the sufficient period of the vegetative growth was necessary to enter the flower bud differentiation in case of the non-pinching cultivation whereas it was not the case on the pinching. As compared with the pinching, the non-pinching showed 10% higher in the flowering ratio after flower bud differentiation. The flowering ratio of the non-pinching exceeded more than 95% but the pinching showed below 95% of the flowering ratio after flower bud differentiation. Comparing the number of cutting flowers between pinching and non-pinching, it was the non-pinching that showed the production of the first grade cutting flowers about 5 weeks faster than that of the pinching. It seem to be possible that harvesting time and growing period could be shortened. In the non-pinching growing region, above third-grading marketable cut flowers was 100% regardless of planting time. On the contrary, the pinching method showed 84.7% of marketable cutting flowers at first week from the planting, followed by 64.3% at second week, 18.8% at third week, and 2.6% at fourth week. Marketability of cutting flowers indicates that were planted by the pinching is very poor. When draw a comparison between the fourth-week planting of the non-pinching with the first-week planting of the pinching, the non-pinching could cut the growing period 38 days shorter than the pinching and the marketability was better. These results indicate that the non-pinching method can shorten the growing period and harvesting time compared to the pinching and it also resulted in reduction of cost and rapid production of the cutting flowers.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.88-92
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• 2009

This experiment was conducted to find out the effects of pinching on shoot growth, flowering and covering of Lonicera sempervirens growth in containers. 180 cm high pinching of plants increased shoot length compared to 60 cm low pinching and decreased lateral shoot numbers, but there was no difference in branch numbers by the pinching methods. Covering rates of the pergola were 85% with 60 cm low pinching, 74% with 120 cm middle pinching, and 62% with 180 cm high pinching. The pinched plants continued to flower from the middle of May to the middle of September. The first flowering time was in the middle of May in low pinching and in the early of June in middle and high pinching. The lower pinching height and the earlier pinching time induced earlier flowering time, and the peak flowering of pinched plants was in mid-August. To cover over 85% of the pergola screen with 3.0 m wide and 2.2 m high, two plants per 1 m needed to grow and to pinch at 60 cm height.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.51 no.spc1
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• pp.255-258
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• 2006

This study was carried out to find the effect of the pinching and planting density on yield of petal and grain in safflower (Caythamus tinctorius L.). The planting density was high effective branch number per $m^2$ compared with pinching, and effective flower bud was most in $270ea/m^2$ in three line planting density, but in case of pinching was few at $186{\sim}223ea/m^2$ Grain yield was increased with 231 kg/10a at double line planting density compared with in 220 kg/10a of control. Petal yield of double line and three line planting density was 25.4 kg/10a and 26.9 kg/10a, it was increased 15, 22% compared with 22.0 kg/10a of control, respectively.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.101-105
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of treatment time and concentration of a chemical pinching agent, dikegulac, on branches and growth of Rhododendron simsii 'California Sunset'. R. simsii 'California Sunset' developed lateral branches naturally but the number of them was few. Treatment of dikegulac delayed the terminal bud development, increased in size, the chlorophyll contents of the leaf, and the number of lateral branches in June. Especially, the number of lateral branches were better at $1,500mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ dikegulac than the others. But growth in August of R. simsii 'California Sunset' was naturally lower than June, there was no effect of lateral branches by dikegulac.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.247-263
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• 2007

This study was complied to analyze the professional agricultural techniques level and to suggest a desirable direction for the professional education system for women farmer. The research was conducted by using in-field surveys and interviews. Data was gathered by questionnaire from 147 women farmer in five specialized crop regions: strawberry, cucumber, rose, apple, and oyster mushroom. The results obtained are as follows. First, the technique levels in computer usage and electronic commerce, machinery usage, pesticide and fertilizer utilization, facility automation, and eco-agricultural cultivation were low. Second, the demand for professional education, evaluated through technique level by standard management diagnosis, was recognized. Areas of concern included: cucumber (temperature control, carbonic acid gas control, grading, funds management), strawberry (light control, soil temperature control, irrigation watering, shipping), rose (temperature control, light control, funds management, cooperated management), oyster mushroom (growth cabinet sterilizer), and apple (flower bud pinching, defloration, fruit thinning, funds management). Based on the results of this study, the following are suggestions for the planning of a professional education system for women farmer. First, it needs to address formal education in marketing, machinery usage, facilities automation, and techniques in pesticide and fertilizer utilization. Second, it needs to be a multi- level program with appropriate terminology at every level which is suitable to each age and ability of women farmer. Third, it needs a more comprehensive manual developed by need analysis of women farmer and a larger lecturer pool for professional education.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.28-32
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of uniconazole treatment on the growth and flowering of potted Chrysanthemum indicum L. for high quality pot plant production. Uniconazole was drenched at 0.05, 0.01, or 0.15 mg a.i./pot at 14 days after planting (DAP) of rooted cuttings. Simultaneously the short-day treatment (SDT) and pinching were adapted. The same amount of uniconazole (0.05 mg a.i./pot) was spilt drenched at once, twice, and three times, respectively, at 1 week interval. Uniconazole markedly reduced plant height, branch length, and stem diameter. Plant height was reduced linearly with increasing uniconazole concentration at 0.05, 0.01, or 0.15 mg a.i./pot up-to 41.6%, 52.5%, and 58.5%, respectively. In 0.05 mg a.i./pot, the number of branches greatly increased and plant height of 22.6 cm was adequate for pot plant. However, higher concentrations (0.10, 0.15 mg a.i.) were not suitable for production of high quality pot plant (17.0, 14.8 cm, respectively). Pinching and SDT decreased the number of days to visible bud, while uniconazole treatments delayed days to visible bud by 5-9 days compared with pinching and SDT. Number of visible buds was highest at 0.05 mg a.i./pot uniconazole treatment. However, flower diameter was decreased by uniconazole treatment, resulting in compact form. Number of stomata was increased by uniconazole treatment. The length of vascular tissues of uniconazole-treated plants ($11.2{\mu}m$) was smaller than that of non-treated plants ($15.0{\mu}m$, and the size of xylem vessel was also decreased. Uniconazole treatment at 0.05 mg a.i./pot at 14 DAP with pinching and SDT were recommended for pot plant production of C. indicum L.