• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 2002

Papillary immature metaplasia (PIM) of the uterine cervix (Immature condyloma) is a subset of low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) which is frequently associated with human papilloma virus (HPV) types 6 and 11. The histologic features of PIM include filiform papillae lined by evenly spaced immature metaplastic-type cells with frequent nucleoli, mild anisokaryosis, and a low mitotic index. To characterize the cytologic changes associated with PIM, we analyzed 14 cases of PIM from our file. We reviewed biopsy slides and the cervicovaginal smears taken proximate to the time of blopsy. Histologically, nine cases had either flat condyloma (7 cases) or high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) (2 cases). Cytologic changes included cells in various stages of maturation with karyomegaly (14 cases), cells with irregularities in the nuclear membrane (13 cases), intermediate cells with karyomegaly(13 cases), cells with binucleatlon (13 cases), and aborted koliocytes (11 cases) Cervicovaginal smears from all cases were interpreted as atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS), NOS or ASCUS, rule out squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) or LSIL in two cases with flat condyloma or HSIL in a case with severe dysplasia. PIM is a distinct histologic entity that can present with a spectrum of cytologic findings, but cytologic findings may resemble variable reactive conditions and immature HSIL. Therefore, it is difficult to diagnose PIM by cytology alone. However, the meticulous efforts for making the cytologic diagnoses which can Induce active management of patients are recommended because PIM is a variant of LSIL and frequently has a flat condyloma or HSIL.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.202-213
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• 2014

More than half of all the tidal flats and islands in South Korea are located in Jeonnam. Shinangun accounts for a large amount of these tidal flats and island. This study assessed the value of ecosystem services for 14 administrative units (2 'eup' and 12 'myeon') that have around 1,000 islands in Shinangun, using the method described by Costanza et al. (1997). The assessment involved examining the land use types in Shinangun in relation to ecosystem services value. The finding showed that the tidal flat areas had the highest value of ecosystem services in most of the islands of Shinangun, in particular in Aphae-eup and Jido-eup. The study illustrates how quantitative analysis of land use patterns can help local governments like Shinangun to formulate policy for conservation and sustainaable use of ecosystem services. Especially, tidal flat areas are unique and fragile ecosystem, so it is very importat to make strategies for sustainable development in bioculturally diverse areas. Some suggestions regarding landscape planning in Shinangun are provided.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.922-929
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• 2005

This paper compared ventilation performance between the sound roof tunnel with flat roof and the sound roof tunnel with gable roof. The ventilation rate of the sound roof tunnel is calculated by natural ventilation rate plus ventilation by vehicle. The roof type is divided by the shape of the roof and the ventilator location on the roof. The results between calculation and CFD on the ventilation rate are almost alike. The ventilation rate on the flat roof is $558.4\;m^3/s$ with mid-ventilator and $496.8\;m^3/s$ with left-right ventilator. The ventilation rate on the gable roof is $653.2\;m^3/s$ with mid-ventilator and $611.6\;m^3/s$ with left-right ventilator. The ventilation rate of soundproof with gable roof is higher than that with flat roof. The ventilation rate and with mid-ventilator is higher than that with left-right ventilator the soundproof roof. Therefore, the ventilation performance of soundproof roof depends on the roof shape and ventilator location on the roof.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.1931-1940
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• 1996

The effect of periodic passing wake on the film-coolant flow issuing normally from a flat plate was investigated experimentally. The passing wake was generated by rotating thin circular bars. Depending on the rotational direction the test plate could be simulated as a pressure surface or a suction surface of a gas turbine blade. The phase-averaged velocity components were measured using an X-type hot-wire probe. The Reynolds number based on the free-stream velocity and injection hole diameter was 23, 500 and the velocity ratio which is the ratio of film coolant velocity to free-stream velocity was 0.5. The velocity-triangle induced by the wake was similar to that induced by the one generated at the blade trailing edge. The vertical velocity component induced by the passing wake, which approaches to the suction surface and moves away from the pressure surface, played a dominant role in the variation of the flow field. The variation in the phase-averaged velocity on the pressure surface was greater than on the suction surface, but the turbulence kinetic energy variation on the suction surface appeared larger than on the pressure surface.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.349-356
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• 2003

A continuous monitoring of sedimentation rate and textural characteristics of surface sediments was carried out on the tidal flats in Kwangyang Bay, middle South Sea for two years on an every-two-monthly basis. This study shows that during the winter the tidal flats receive a thin surface layer of which texture becomes finer. In summer, the surface sediments were subject to rather abrupt erosion by occational typhoons and heavy rainfall resulting in a coarse-silt dominated texture. Due to nearly closed geomorphology of Kwangyang Bay, local waves created in the bay during winter are much subdued, in contrast to the rough wave climate and associated sedimentary cycle for open-type tidal flats in the Yellow Sea. In addition, unexpected artificial effects on the tidal-flat sedimentation by construction of a huge industrial complex along the shoreline of the bay are observed from a nearby tidal flat. Here, the sediments were consistently eroded without any sign of natural seasonal variations.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.670-679
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• 2010

In this paper, a new approach using a pixel-based correction method was developed to fix the non-uniform responses of flat-bed type scanners used for radiochromic film dosimetry. In order to validate the method's performance, two cases were tested: the first consisted of simple dose distributions delivered by a single port; the second was a complicated dose distribution composed of multiple beams. In the case of the simple individual dose condition, ten different doses, from 8.3 cGy to 307.1 cGy, were measured, horizontal profiles were analyzed using the pixel-based correcton method and compared with results measured by an ionization chamber and results corrected using the existing correction method. A complicated inverse pyramid dose distribution was made by piling up four different field shapes, which were measured with GAFCHROMIC$^{(R)}$EBT film and compared with the Monte Carlo calculation; as well as the dose distribution corrected using a conventional method. The results showed that a pixel-based correction method reduced dose difference from the reference measurement down to 1% in the flat dose distribution region or 2 mm in a steep dose gradient region compared to the reference data, which were ionization chamber measurement data for simple cases and the MC computed data for the complicated case, with an exception for very low doses of less than about 10 cGy in the simple case. Therefore, the pixel-based scanner correction method is expected to enhance the accuracy of GAFCHROMIC$^{(R)}$EBT film dosimetry, which is a widely used tool for two-dimensional dosimetry.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.61-72
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• 2023

Korean architecture classifies Banja (the decorated flat of the ceiling visible from the inside) of Royal Palaces into two types: Woomul(water-well, 井) banja, which inserts rectangular wooden board into lattice frame, and paper banja, which applies paper to the flat ceiling. Such classification was established in the 19th century. Before that, Banja was classified according to what was inserted into the lattice frame, either wooden or paper board. At first, the banja that used paper board was widely installed regardless of the purpose or nobility of the building. However, since the 17th century, the use of paper board banja became mostly restricted to Ondol (Korean floor heating system) rooms which are characterized by private usage and the importance of heating, and it was considered inferior to wooden board banja in terms of rank or grace. The contemporary paper banja was mainly installed in low-rank ondol rooms until the late 19th century to early 20th century, when roll-type wallpaper was introduced from the West and the paper banja came to decorate the King's and Queen's bedrooms. The traditional paper board banja benefits heat reservation, reduces the weight of the ceiling, and allows the adjustment of the lattice frame size. Furthermore, it can feature unique artistry if covered with blue, white, or red Neung-hwa-ji (traditional flower pattered paper).

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.185-191
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• 2007

For the seismic performance enhancement of residential flat plate structure and for the selection of earthquake records, the possibility of base isolation is evaluated and the time history results are reviewed. By evaluating a base isolated stiffness, a target period, and an envelope curve analysis, seismic performance of structure, which has strong rotational mode, is evaluated. For the propriety evaluation of earthquake records usage and scaling method, time history analysis is done with variables such as DBE(design base earthquake) level, MCE(maximum considerable earthquake) level, and 1.4DBE level. From the analysis results, following conclusions can be made; the earthquake records, which are used in base isolation analysis, should be selected by similar soil type which the structure is considered, and should be intensity scaled in a range of mean ${\pm}$ standard deviation of code based design response spectrum.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.494-500
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• 2005

This study classifies somatotype from exact measurements according to the women somatotype with different drop value and isfunctional and has high body fitness. This study was preceded in the following process. Took 147 women in their 20's measurement directly and grasped the general body characteristic, and classified somatotype according to distribution of drop. Drop value is classified into Drop I, Drop II, and Drop III. Drop I is the difference value between bust line and waist line measurement. Drop II is the difference value between hip line and waist line measurement. Drop III is the difference value between hip line and bust line measurement. Suggested distribution of somatotype based on drop istribution. Classified somatotype into 4 types according to the mixture of combination of Drop I, II, and III. Comprehended the characteristics of somatotype based on basic statistical data. Type 1, M type, displays 40 % distribution that is most high distribution rate among four types and it is normal type which is similar to average value in size in the this study. Type 2, A type, displays 32.4% and it's a lower half of their body developed type with a flat busted and hippy. Type 3, X type, displays 19% and it's a healthy type with tall height, slender waist and curves of bust and hip lines. Type 4, H type, displays 8.6% and it's a biggest type in size which is busty, full hipped and nearly has no curves of body line.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.52-61
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• 2023

This study aimed to present data for the development of a shoe which is suitable for plus-size men (BMI 25kg/m² or higher) and to analyze the characteristics of each type of foot. The results of the study are as follows. To assess foot shape in relation to weight gain, participants were categorized into normal weight, overweight, and obese weight groups, according to their BMI indexes. Those in the normal weight group exhibited a smaller value than the overweight or obese weight group in all items. As a result of the cluster analysis, by type of foot, of the obese men category, men were classified into four BMI index groups: members of the type 1 group had a BMI index of 157 (18.4% of total sample), while for type 2 the figure was 213 (25.0% of sample), for type 3 it was 259 (30.4%), and for type 4 it stood at 224 (26.3% of total sample). Those from the type 1 group had thin ankles with narrow toes and flattened sides. Type 2 group members had thick ankles with well-developed outer feet and thick sides. Those within the type 3 group had medium-thick ankles with narrow feet but wide inner feet. Finally, those in the type 4 group had feet with a slanted side, as well as thick ankles, wide feet, and flat sides. Among these categories, the type 3 group members indicated the highest distribution.