• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.194-198
• /
• 2007

Veneer plate was painted by the treatment with ammonium salts such as ammonium chloride (AMCR), ammonium sulfate (AMSF), monoammonium phosphate (MAPP), and diammonium phosphate (DAPP) at room temperature. The physical property and flammability of painted veneer plate were investigated. In order to evaluate flammability of the treated veneer with ammonium salts, heat release rate (HRR) of the veneer was measured by a cone calorimeter according to ISO 5660-1 standard. The flammability painted veneener plate with ammonium salts was reduced compared to virgin veneer plate. The flashover possibility of veneer plates treated with these ammonium salts was examined by R. V. Petrella's classification using time to ignition and peak heat release rate. The specific gravities of veneer plates treated with only ammonium sulfate were higher than that of virgin veneer plate. Also, the veneer plates treated with ammonium salts showed lower equilibrium moisture contents over virgin veneer.

• Fire Science and Engineering
• /
• v.12 no.4
• /
• pp.51-57
• /
• 1998

The thermal behavior and the flammability characteristics of four different unsaturated polyester resins were studied by performing a series of thermal analysis experiments and laboratory scale fire tests. The results of TGA and DSC reveals that the vinylester type resins have superior thermal performances when compared to the isophthalic type resins. The vinylester type resins formed a network shaped char surface after the thermal decomposition up to 55$0^{\circ}C$. Consequently, the vinylester type resings have shown lower value of burning rate than that of iso type resins. Due to the high level of flammability and toxic smoke emission, the appropriate flame retardant system should be applied to the unsaturated polyester resings.

• Fire Science and Engineering
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.65-71
• /
• 2002

In this paper, the thermal and flame properties of GFRP with various flame retardant(aluminum trihydrate, antimony trioxide) compositions have been investigated by thermal analysis and flammability tests(LOI test, flammability 45 degree test). The flame and mechanical properties(hardness, tensile strength, modulus) of general purpose grade glass fiber/unsaturated polyester composite with flame retardant composition have been also evaluated. The effect of cure pressure on the flame properties of aerospace grade glass fiber/epoxy composite was investigated. Considering the flame and mechanical property of composite, we could determine the optimum flame retardant composition(ATH 10∼20 phr). Test results show that the flame property of glass fiber/epoxy composite is considerably affected by cure pressure conditions.

• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
• /
• 2007.05a
• /
• pp.157-159
• /
• 2007

It is very important to protect life, property at sea from any fire. Recommendation on improved fire test procedures for surface flammability of bulkhead ceiling and deck finish materials specifies a procedure for measuring fire characterizing their flammability and thus their suitability for use in marine construction. In this paper we investigated the positive expected by fire test procedures for flammability of bulkhead ceiling and deck finish materials. Also, unusual materials were analyzed. Finally, we suggest methods to solve several problems related to unusual materials.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
• /
• 1997.11a
• /
• pp.85-92
• /
• 1997

Flammability of non-flame-retardant and flame-retardant materials was studied by using cone calorimeter Also, relations between the results obtained by using cone calorimeter and those obtained by the flammability test of japanese fire Service Law were examined. The results are as follows: 1) The ignition time of the molten specimens is relatively long, whereas the ignition time of the non-molten specimens is short. None of remarkable difference of the ignition time has been found between non-flame-retardant and flame-retardant materials specimens. 2) The peak heat release rates of flame-retardant materials are smaller than those of non-flame- retardant materials. 3) The carbon monoxide and smoke evolved from flame-retardant materials generate much more than those evolved from non-flame-retardant materials. 4) Even if flame-retardant materials are passed by the flammability test of Japanese Fire Service Law, they burn easily under external radiative heating condition.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
• /
• v.7 no.4
• /
• pp.363-374
• /
• 2018

The façade is an important, complex, and costly part of a building, performing multiple objectives of value to the occupants, like protecting from wind, rain, sunlight, heat, cold, and sound. But the frequency of façade fires in large buildings is alarming, and has multiplied by seven times worldwide over the last three decades, to a current rate of 4.8 fires per year. High-performing polymer based materials allow for a significant improvement across several objectives of a facade (e.g., thermal insulation, weight, and construction time) thereby increasing the quality of a building. However, all polymers are flammable to some degree. If this safety problem is to be tackled effectively, then it is essential to understand how different materials, and the façade as a whole, perform in the event of a fire. This paper discusses the drivers for flammability in facades, the interaction of facade materials, and current gaps in knowledge. In doing so, it aims to provide an introduction to the field of façade fires, and to show that because of the drive for thermal efficiency and sustainability, façade systems have become more complex over time, and they have also become more flammable. We discuss the importance of quantifying the flammability of different façade systems, but highlight that it is currently impossible to do so, which hinders research progress. We finish by putting forward an integral framework of design that uses multi-objective optimization to ensure that flammability is minimized while considering other objectives, such as maximizing thermal performance or minimizing weight.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.52 no.12
• /
• pp.2836-2846
• /
• 2020

During severe nuclear power plant (NPP) accidents, a H₂/CO mixture can be generated in the reactor pressure vessel by core degradation and in the containment as well by molten corium-concrete interaction. In spite of its importance, a state-of-the-art methodology predicting H₂/CO combustion risk relies predominantly on empirical correlations. It is therefore necessary to develop a proper methodology for flammability evaluation of H₂/CO mixtures at ex-vessel phases characterized by three factors: CO concentration, high temperature, and diluents. The developed methodology adopted Le Chatelier's law and a calculated non-adiabatic flame temperature model. The methodology allows the consideration of the individual effect of the heat transfer characteristics of hydrogen and carbon monoxide on low flammability limit prediction. The accuracy of the developed model was verified using experimental data relevant to ex-vessel phase conditions. With the developed model, the prediction accuracy was improved substantially such that the maximum relative prediction error was approximately 25% while the existing methodology showed a 76% error. The developed methodology is expected to be applicable for flammability evaluation in chemical as well as NPP industries.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
• /
• v.19 no.10
• /
• pp.726-734
• /
• 2007

In this study, lower flammability limits (LFLs) of three hydrocarbon refrigerants (R600a, R290, R1270) and two hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants (R152a, R32) and DME (RE170) are measured by the method proposed by ASTM E681-04 Standard. Flammability tests are carried out at three temperatures of $23^{\circ}C,\;60^{\circ}C\;and\;100^{\circ}C$ and relative humidity 50%. Test results show that the present data for isobutane and propane obtained at $23^{\circ}C$ are similar to those found in the literature, confirming indirectly the reliability of the present test method and facility. For propylene, R152a, and R32, LFLs found in the literature differ considerably. Especially, the deviation of LFL of propylene is more than 30% among the literature data. The present data for propylene, R152a, and R32 agree with either of the data sets available. As the temperature increases from $23^{\circ}C\;to\;100^{\circ}C$, LFLs of all refrigerants tested decrease. LFLs of most refrigerants tested in this study at $60^{\circ}C$ decrease by $0.1{\sim}0.3%$ as compared to those at $23^{\circ}C$. Also LFLs of most refrigerants tested in this study at $100^{\circ}C$ decrease by $0.1{\sim}0.3%$ as compared to those at $60^{\circ}C$.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
• /
• v.34 no.5
• /
• pp.505-513
• /
• 2010

The tribrachial flame has attracted interest as a basic structure of the flame edge. This flame structure helps understand stabilization of laminar flames and re-ignition of turbulent flames. A number of analytical and experimental studies have been carried out on the tribrachial flame. However, the effect of the variation of the flammability limits on the structure of the tribrachial flame has not been studied in detail. In this study, the effect of non-symmetric flammability limits on the flame structure was investigated by adopting a simple numerical scheme based on several laminar flame theories. A fixed velocity field was considered and boundary matching algorithm was used on the premixed branch. The variation of the diffusion branches under the non-symmetric flammability limits and heat loss was investigated. The formation and extinction of the diffusion branch behind the premixed branch were successfully described. This basic study can help understand the fundamental structure of the flame and can form the basis of subsequent detailed studies.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.11-19
• /
• 1993

The experimental study was carried out to investigate the stability and the performance characteristics of the aero-valved pulsating combustion system with maximum operating capacity of 60KW. The effect of geometry of combustion system on the stable condition, the flammability limit, the total pressure oscillation amplitude, and the operating frequency can be identified, and the maximum turn-down-ratio is obtained up to 3.3. The total pressure oscillation amplitude can be controlled by tunning the length of the air inlet pipe. The empirical equation with which the operating frequency can be approximated is proposed and the discrepancy is within 5%. The volumetric efficiency is identified to be one of the important parameters determining the upper flammability limit and the maximum value of which is approximately 22%.