• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.427-436
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• 2017

A fixed-precision-level sampling plan was developed to establish control of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, in two strawberry greenhouses (conventional plot, natural enemy plot). T. urticae was sampled by taking a three-leaflet leaf (1 stalk) from each plant (3 three-leaflet leaves) from each sampling position. Each leaflet was divided into three different units (1-leaflet, 2-leaflet, and 3-leaflet units) to compare relative net precision (RNP) values for selection of the appropriate sampling unit. The relative net precision values indicated that a 1-leaflet unit was more precise and cost-efficient than other units. The spatial distribution analysis was performed using Taylor's power law (TPL). Homogeneity of the TPL parameters in each greenhouse was evaluated by using the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). A fixed-precision-level sequential sampling plan was developed using the parameters of TPL generated from the combined data of the conventional plot and natural enemy plot in a 1-leaflet sampling unit. Sequential classification sampling plans were also developed using the action threshold of 3 and 10 mites for pooled data. Using the results obtained in the independent data, simulated validation of the developed sampling plan by Resampling validation for sampling plan (RVSP) indicated a reasonable level of precision.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 1992.04a
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• pp.359-363
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• 1992

As the demands of manufacturing automation is increasing, lots of efforts are devoted to the applications of Computer Integrated Manufacturing(CIM) concept in manufacturing shop floor. A workstation is a computer which controls differnet machines in the low level of factory(shop floor). A workstation can be utilized efficiently to enhance the coopetative work of machines. A scheduler is a component program in a workstation and it controls the operation of machines according to a fixed plan. A scheme for the scheduler has been developed for selected machines and software has been made. The fixed plan is stored in a schedule file which keeps machine names, communications methods, information for communications and time for the usages, etc. The scheduler carries out its role by the information in the schedule file. Although the developed software has some Iimitations, the test results show that the scheduler can be applied easily to the automation of the low level of factory.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.169-176
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• 2014

This research discusses the characteristics and the implementation strategies for two types of quality metrics to analyze innovation effects in six sigma projects: fixed specification type and moving specification type. $Z_{st}$, $P_{pk}$ are quality metrics of fixed specification type that are influenced by predetermined specification. In contrast, the quality metrics of moving specification type such as Strictly Standardized Mean Difference(SSMD), Z-Score, F-Statistic and t-Statistic are independent from predetermined specification. $Z_{st}$ sigma level obtains defective rates of Parts Per Million(PPM) and Defects Per Million Opportunities(DPMO). However, the defective rates between different industrial sectors are incomparable due to their own technological inherence. In order to explore relative method to compare defective rates between different industrial sectors, the ratio of specification and natural tolerance called, $P_{pk}$, is used. The drawback of this $P_{pk}$ metric is that it is highly dependent on the specification. The metrics of F-Statistic and t-Statistic identify innovation effect by comparing before-and-after of accuracy and precision. These statistics are not affected by specification, but affected by type of statistical distribution models and sample size. Hence, statistical significance determined by above two statistics cannot give a same conclusion as practical significance. In conclusion, SSMD and Z-Score are the best quality metrics that are uninfluenced by fixed specification, theoretical distribution model and arbitrary sample size. Those metrics also identify the innovation effects for before-and-after of accuracy and precision. It is beneficial to use SSMD and Z-Score methods along with popular methods of $Z_{st}$ sigma level and $P_{pk}$ that are commonly employed in six sigma projects. The case studies from national six sigma contest from 2011 to 2012 are proposed and analyzed to provide the guidelines for the usage of quality metrics for quality practitioners.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Power Electronics
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.415-423
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• 2018

This study uses a level selection algorithm with fixed sampling frequency for modular multilevel converter (MMC) systems. Theoretically, the proposed method increases the level infinitely while the sampling time remains the same. The proposed method called cluster stream buffer (CSB) consists of several clusters, wherein each cluster is composed of 32 submodules that depend on the level of the submodules in the MMC system. To increase the level of the MMC system, additional clusters are used, and the sampling time between clusters is determined from the sampling time between levels needed for utilizing the entire level from the MMC system. This method is crucial in the control of MMC-type HVDC systems because it improves scalability and precision.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.159-167
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• 2015

In order to establish B. tabaci control in paprika greenhouses a fixed-precision-level sampling plan was developed. The sampling plan consisted of spatial distribution analysis, a sampling stop line, and decision making. Sampling was conducted simultaneously in two independent greenhouses (GH 1, GH 2). GH 1 and 2 were surveyed every week for 22 consecutive weeks, using 19 sampling locations in GH 1 and 9 sampling locations in GH 2. The plant in both greenhouses were divided into top (180-220 cm from the ground), middle (80-120 cm from the ground) and bottom (30-70 cm from the ground) sections and B. tabaci adults and pupae were observed on three paprika leaves at each position and recorded separately. GH 2 data were used to validate the fixed-precision sampling plan, which was developed using GH 1 data. In this study, spatial distribution analysis was performed using Taylor's power law with the pooled data of the top and bottom position (B. tabaci adults), and the middle and bottom positions (B. tabaci pupae), based on a 1-leaf sampling unit. Decision making was undertaken using the maximum of action threshold in accordance with previously published method, and the value was decided by the price of the plants. Using the results obtained in the greenhouse, simulated validation of the developed sampling plan by RVSP (Resampling Validation for Sampling Plan) indicated a reasonable level of precision.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.89-95
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• 2014

The increasing level of demand for multi-tasking machines requires a saddle with an ultra-precise machining accuracy level of $15{\mu}m$, as such a saddle is one of the main components of these machines. The manner of achieving ultra-precise machining accuracy mainly depends on the fixed forces. In this paper, we optimized the number of contact points and the contact positions to reduce the deformation of the saddle while it is machined. The performance levels of the proposed optimal jig and fixture are determined by measuring the flatness, parallelism and perpendicularity of a machined saddle. The machining accuracy is found to be lower than $15{\mu}m$ at all measured points.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 2003

Dispersion pattern for adult citrus red mite (CRM), Panonychus citri (McGregor) using by Taylor's power law (TPL) and Iwao's patchiness regression (IPR) was determined to develop a monitoring method on citrus orchards, on Jeju, in Autumn season, during 2001 and 2002.CRM population was sampled by collecting leaves and fruits. The relationships of CRM adults between leaf and fruit were analyzed by different season. The regression equation for CRM adults between leaf (X) and fruit (Y) was ln(Y+1) : 1.029 ln(X+1) ( $r^2$ : 0.80). The density of CRM was higher on fruit than on leaf according to fruit maturing level. TPL provided better description of mean-variance relation-ship for the dispersion indices compared to IPR. Slopes and intercepts of TPL from leaf and fruit samples did not differ between sample units and surveyed years. Fixed-precision levels (D) of a sequential sampling plan were developed using Taylor's power law parameters generated from adults of CRM in leaf sample. Sequential sampling plans for adults of CRM were developed for decision making CRM population level based on the different action threshold levels (2.0,2.5 and 3.0 mites per leaf) with 0.25 precision. The maximum number of trees and required number of trees sampled on fixed sample size plan on 2.0,2.5 and 3.0 thresholds with 0.25 precision level were 19, 16 and 15 and their critical values T$_{critical}$ at were 554,609 and 659, respectively. were 554,609 and 659, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.164-171
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• 2022

Frankliniella occidentalis is an invasive pest insect, which affects over 500 different species of host plants and transmits viruses (tomato spotted wilt virus; TSWV). Despite their efficiency in controling insect pests, pesticides are limited by residence, cost and environmental burden. Therefore, a fixed-precision level sampling plan was developed. The sampling method for F. occidentalis adults in pepper greenhouses consists of spatial distribution analysis, sampling stop line, and control decision making. For sampling, the plant was divided into the upper part(180 cm above ground), middle part (120-160 cm above ground), and lower part (70-110 cm above ground). Through ANCOVA, the P values of intercept and slope were estimated to be 0.94 and 0.87, respectively, which meant there were no significant differences between values of all the levels of the pepper plant. In spatial distribution analysis, the coefficients were derived from Taylor's power law (TPL) at pooling data of each level in the plant, based on the 3-flowers sampling unit. F. occidentalis adults showed aggregated distribution in greenhouse peppers. TPL coefficients were used to develop a fixed-precision sampling stop line. For control decision making, the pre-referred action thresholds were set at 3 and 18. With two action thresholds, N_max values were calculated at 97 and 1149, respectively. Using the Resampling Validation for Sampling Program (RVSP) and the results gained from the greenhouses, the simulated validation of our sampling method showed a reasonable level of precision.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.422-426
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• 2011

For a national survey in which wide geographic region or an entire country is targeted, multi-stage sampling approach is widely used to overcome the problem of simple random sampling, to consider both herd- and animallevel factors associated with disease occurrence, and to adjust clustering effect of disease in the population in the calculation of sample size. The aim of this study was to establish sample size for estimating bovine tuberculosis (TB) in Korea using stratified two-stage sampling design. The sample size was determined by taking into account the possible clustering of TB-infected animals on individual herds to increase the reliability of survey results. In this study, the country was stratified into nine provinces (administrative unit) and herd, the primary sampling unit, was considered as a cluster. For all analyses, design effect of 2, between-cluster prevalence of 50% to yield maximum sample size, and mean herd size of 65 were assumed due to lack of information available. Using a two-stage sampling scheme, the number of cattle sampled per herd was 65 cattle, regardless of confidence level, prevalence, and mean herd size examined. Number of clusters to be sampled at a 95% level of confidence was estimated to be 296, 74, 33, 19, 12, and 9 for desired precision of 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, and 0.06, respectively. Therefore, the total sample size with a 95% confidence level was 172,872, 43,218, 19,224, 10,818, 6,930, and 4,806 for desired precision ranging from 0.01 to 0.06. The sample size was increased with desired precision and design effect. In a situation where the number of cattle sampled per herd is fixed ranging from 5 to 40 with a 5-head interval, total sample size with a 95% confidence level was estimated to be 6,480, 10,080, 13,770, 17,280, 20.925, 24,570, 28,350, and 31,680, respectively. The percent increase in total sample size resulting from the use of intra-cluster correlation coefficient of 0.3 was 22.2, 32.1, 36.3, 39.6, 41.9, 42.9, 42,2, and 44.3%, respectively in comparison to the use of coefficient of 0.2.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.504-511
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• 2012

In this paper, level instrument is implemented using beat frequency for distance measurement which means the difference between Tx and Rx signal frequency from FMCW Radar Level Transmitter. Beat frequency is analyzed through Fast Fourier Transform of which frequency precision can be improved by applying Zoom FFT. Distance precision is improved from 146.5[mm] to 5[mm] using the advantage of Zoom FFT which can raise the frequency precision without changing the sampling frequency or FFT point number to be fixed in the beginning of designing signal processing. Also, measurement error can be reduced within 2[mm] by incresing the FFT points using the method of Spline interpolation. For verifying the effectiveness of this Zoom FFT to FMCW Radar Level Transmitter, test bench is made to measure the distance for every 1[mm] between 700[mm] and 2000[mm] and measurement error can be checked in the range of ${\pm}2$[mm].