• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.19-26
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• 2009

본 연구는 집단급식 안전성 확보 및 식중독 방지를 위해 단체급식 안전성에 관하여 전문가를 대상으로 국내 집단급식 식중독 원인을 조사하고, 미래 집단급식 식중독 발생을 예측하였다. 델파이 설문 결과 국내 집단급식 식중독 원인은 '식재료 위생관리 미흡', '손세척', '구역구분', '유통업체 보관' 등이 가장 크게 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 미래 집단급식 식중독 발생 예측 조사 결과 Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Escherichia coli(EPEC), non-typhoid Salmonella serotypes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli(ETEC), Norovirus, hepatitis A virus가 지속적으로 식중독을 발생시킬 것으로 예측하였으며, 집단급식에서 식중독 유발 가능성이 높은 식재료로는 영유아(1-6세), 초등학생(7-12세), 중 고등학생(13-19세)의 식재료 섭취량과 식중독 유발 가능성을 고려해 볼 때 '과일류', '우유', '생선류', '돼지고기', '계란', '쇠고기'였으며, 식단 메뉴로는 '비빔밥', '콩나물무침', '시금치나물', '오이생채', '잡채', '돼지불고기'가 위해도가 높을 것으로 예측되었다. 집단급식소에서 사용빈도가 높을 것으로 예측된 가공식품은 '냉동, 냉장보관식품' 이었으며, 살균방법은 '가열처리', '화학적 살균소독제'로 나타났다. 저장법은 '냉장($10^{\circ}C$ 이하)', '냉동($-20^{\circ}C$ 이하)'법이, 배식형태는 '집단급식소에서 직접 배식' 형태가 집단급식소에서 향후 사용빈도가 높을 것으로 예측되었다. 본 설문조사 결과는 집단급식 전 과정의 체계적인 위생관리시스템의 도입과 식중독예방 식단 구성을 위한 기초자료로 활용될 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.259-271
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the dietary habits and daily intake of nutrients in college students. This survey was conducted using a self-administered questionaire. The average heights and weights were 173.5 cm and 72.3 kg of male students and 161.8 cm and 57.2 kg of female students. The average of BMI was $24.2kg/m^2$ of male and $21.9kg/m^2$ of female, and the value of male students was higher than the value of female students. The response to the daily meals was 54.6% for '$2{\sim}3$ times/week'. The regularity of mealtime was 41.7% for irregular and the frequency eating after nine was 45.7% for '5-6 times/week', respectively. The repast was 72.2% for 'overeating and little eating' and was a significant difference of male and female students (p<0.05). The eating rate was higher '$10{\sim}20min$'. As for breakfast food eaten, skipping breakfast was 23.6% for 'no/week' and female students were higher than male students (p<0.05). The frequency of snacks was 36.0% for 'nothing' of males students and 34.8% for '3-4 times/week' of female students (p<0.05). The type of snack was a significant difference of males and females students (p<0.01), and was the highest 75.0% for carbonated drinks of males and 37.5% for snacks of females. The eating due to stress solution was a significant difference of male and female students (p<0.01), and was the highest 23.0% for 'frequency' of males and 44.7% for 'sometime' of females. As for food intake of male and female students, the meat intake was 66.7% for 'everything of male and female students. The fish intake was 68.1 % for '1-2times/week'. The milk, milk products, eggs and beans were each 40.3%, 58.3%, 56.9%, 47.2% for '1-2 times/week' (p<0.05). The fat intake was 55.6% for '$1{\sim}2$ times/week'. The average consumption of energy was 58% of male and 67% of female of estimated energy requirement (EER). Their mean ratio of carbohydrate: protein: fat was 57 : 15 : 28 of all subjects. The mean intakes of vitamin C and folic acid were 70% and 51% of males and 62% and 52% of females of recommended intake (RI). The mean intakes of Ca, P, Fe and Na were 71%, 140%, 146% of males and 72%, 122%, 76% of female of RI and 273% of males and 233% of females of adequate intake (AI). Therefore, nutritional education is necessary for college students to establish physicall and mentall optimal health conditions though nutritional intervention.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.9-15
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• 2009

경골어류 시클리드과에 속하는 Cichlasoma managuense의 수정란 난막구조를 광학현미경과 전자현미경을 이용하여 관찰하였다. 수정란은 약황색의 불투명한 부착성 및 침란성란으로 장타원형이었으며 크기는 장축 $1.43{\pm}0.04\;mm$, 단축 $1.85{\pm}0.03\;mm$였다. 수정란의 동물극쪽에서 수정을 위한 정자의 통로로 생각되는 난문이 위치하고 있었고 위란강은 잘 발달되어 있지 않았다. 수정란 난막의 표면에는 부착성 망상구조물들이 덮고 있었고 난문의 형태는 깔때기 형태였다. 수정란 난막의 단면을 관찰한 결과 2층으로 구성되어 있었으며 외층은 부착성 층, 내층은 전자밀도가 서로 다른 $13{\sim}15$층의 층상구조를 하고 있었다. 수정란의 외형은 전형적인 시클리드과에 속하는 다른 어류와 동일한 형태를 하고 있어 과의 특성을 보이며 이들 수정란 난막에서 표면과 단면의 미세구조는 Cichlasoma managuense만이 가지고 있는 종특이성이 될 수 있기 때문에 경골어류의 종을 분류하는데 형태학적 형질로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.343-351
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• 1999

등목어과에 속하는 어류의 경우 수정란 난막이 형태학적으로 같은 과이기 때문에 종간에 유사성이 있는지 또는 같은 과에 속한다고 하더라도 종에 따라 서로 다른 구조를 하고 있는지를 알아보고, 과 또는 종의 기준이 되는 형태학적 특징들을 확인하기 위해서 three-spot gourami (Trichogaster trichopterus), pearl gourami (Trichogaster leeri) 및 marble gourami (Trichogaster trichopterus trichopterus)를 실험재료로 하여 수정란과 난막구조를 광학현미경, 투과전자현미경 및 주사전자현미경을 이용하여 관찰 비교하였다. 3종의 수정란은 모두 구형의 무색투명한 부착성란으로 부성란이었고 난막 표면에 부속사는 없었으며 난황장 중앙에 하나의 유적이 있었다. 3종 모두 정자의 통로로 생각되는 난문이 관찰되었는데 경사가 완만한 수많은 흠을 보유하고 있는 깔대기 형태였으나 pearl gourami의 경우 꽃 모양의 구조물이 난문 안쪽에 위치하고 있었고 three-spot gourami와 아종인 marble gourami의 경우 형태는 서로 유사했다. 난막의 표면은 홈들이 난막 전체에 분포하고 있었고, 3종 모두 난막은 2층으로 부착층인 외층 및 전자밀도가 높은 한 층인 내층으로 구성되어 있었다. 이상과 같이 수정란의 형태, 난문의 구조, 난막표면 및 난막의 단면구조는 3종 모두 매우 유사한 형태로 등목어과 어류의 수정란 및 난막의 공통적인 특징으로 생각된다.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.15-34
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• 2001

Ornaments are accessories for the decoration of the body or dress. They aren't unavoidably required one, but serve to make one's dress perfect as decorative industrial art objects. In Morocco, ornaments were initially used as a sign of social position or the class or an incantatory symbol. In effect, they were originally employed to adjust one's dress, not just for decoration, and they were of use for household economy. Gold, silver and handcraft available for exchange were a means of increasing one's property and an indication of social standing and wealth. In particular, the dress and jewelry of a bride was a measure of her family's wealth, regarded as a symbol of her chastity and value. The ornaments symbolically back up people's faith in supernatural power, and their real value is based on implicit form or way of decoration, not the external shape. Specifically, there is a tendency to use the form of animal as a protector, not one to frighten people. In the artistic tradition of Morocco, fish pattern stands for water and rain, and eagle and bird are considered to be related to fate. Scorpion and lizard are depicted as an inquirer of sun, and snake is a symbol of abundance and sexual instinct, being viewed to have an ability to cure disease. Turtle pattern is a symbol of saint because it protects one from the evil. The ornaments are made of gold, silver, amber, clam, garnet, glass, nielle, enamel, glaze, coral or tree, and symbolic patterns are used, including hand(a symbol of five numerals), turtle, lizard, scorpion, eye, triangle, bird and eggs. They are very big and diverse, being categorized into ornaments for the head or the chest, neckless, fibula, earring, bracelet and ring. For Moroccans, make-up is a sort of instinctive behavior to meet aesthetic and sexual desire. They also wear make-up for practical purpose of protection, intentionally inflict a wound on the skin for ceremonial or religious purpose, paint the skin with pigment, or have the part of the body tattooed for incantatory purpose. All this actions are regarded as make-up. The raw material of cosmetics is aker, a vegetable dye. They get the lips or cheeks turn red and paint eyebrows with yellow saffran powder to have a bad devil lose its strength. Tattooing is mainly done by women and viewed as a sign of their value or social organization they belong to. Sometimes that is used to represent a woman's being old enough to marry or getting married already or the frequency of marriage. Besides, tattoo is believed to prevent or remedy loose bowels or cough, depending on its location or pattern, and they often change tattoo according to the change of beauty art.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.160-166
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• 2006

We explored the possibilities of using the freshwater rotifer Brachionus angularis as a live food for small fishes cultured in fresh- or brackish waters. Brachionus angularis were collected from a reservoir for isolation and laboratory culture. Length and width of the lorica were $102.3{\mu}m$ and $76.6{\mu}m$, respectively, and those of amictic eggs were $64.4{\mu}m\;and\;47.9{\mu}m$, respectively. When their growth rates were examined at six different temperatures, i.e., 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and $40^{\circ}C$, the highest daily growth rate of 0.801 was observed at $35^{\circ}C$, and growth was lower with decreasing temperature. Adaptation to salinity change was evaluated with two different modes of salinity increase: step-wise elevation lasting for short durations of 5 to 30 min or a long duration of 24 h. With the short duration modes, no individuals survived salinity higher than 10 psu, and the number of live individuals did not increase throughout the experiment. However, in the 24-h elevation, the number of individuals increased when salinity was elevated by 1 to 2 psu per day for the first 2 or 3 days, while no increase in number occurred at salinity increments higher than 3 psu per day. In addition, to assess the effect of different diets, four single-component diets (Chlorella vulgaris, Nannochloris sp., baker's yeast, or dry yeast) and three combination diets (C. vulgaris + Nannochloris sp. + baker's yeast + dry yeast; C. vulgaris 70% + baker's yeast 30%; C. vulgaris 30% + baker's yeast 70%) were used. The specific growth rates of B. angularis fed combination diets were higher than those of rotifers fed any single-component diet, with the highest rate of 0.648 in B. angularis fed a mixture of C. vulgaris, Nannochloris sp., baker's yeast, and dry yeast, and the lowest rate of 0.200 in those fed dry yeast only. Our results indicate that the freshwater rotifer B. angularis can be used for seedling production of both freshwater and brackish-water fishes that require small (less than about $120{\mu}m$) live food during their early stages.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.404-409
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• 2006

This study investigated the reproductive cycle of the female hairychin goby, Sagamia geneionema, histologically. The fecundity of female hairychin goby ranged from 1,002 to 1,240 eggs when they reached a total length of 9.1-10.0 cm. Fecundity is related to total length. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) increased from December (1.87$\pm$0.46) and reached a maximum in April (11.57$\pm$1.92). The histological changes in the ovary were correlated with the GSI. Oocytes at the chromatin-nucleolus and peri-nucleolus stages were observed in the ovary year-round. In December, oocytes containing yolk appeared in the ovaries of a few fish. Most oocytes appearing in January were at the yolk globule stage. The frequency of oocytes appearing at the yolk globule stage from January to March was higher than in other months. Subsequently, empty follicles and atretic oocytes were observed in the ovaries in May. Based on the histological observations of gonad development and the monthly change in the GSI, the reproductive cycle was classified into the following successive stages: growing (October to November), mature (December to January), ripe and spawning (February to April), and degenerative and resting (May to September) stages. The histological observations of ovaries during the spawning period indicate that this species is a multiple spawner with abbreviated iteroparity based on the developmental pattern of oocytes.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.53-68
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• 1988

This article concerned with the nutritional status and the taste of the lunch box of 311 middle school girls in Kwangju City from May 18 to June 12 in 1987. The purpose of this research was making materials to show direction of the education about nutrition by checking relationships among the nutritional status for the lunch box, the taste of food and the environmental factors. The results observed in the study were as follows: 1. The intake of nutrition from the lunch box and the ratio between the recommended dietary allowance and the contained nutrients in the lunch box as follows. Calorie(603 Kcal, 78.6%), protein (21.7g, 93.1%) Animal protein (10.3g, 132.1%) calcium (151.7 g, 56.9%) Ferrum 93.1 mg, 51.7%), Vitamin a (129.3 RE, 55.4%) Vitamin B1 (0.29 mg, 72.5%), Vitamin B (0.26 mg, 55.3%) Niacin (4.7 mg, 94.0%), Vitamin C 913.2 mg, 79.0%). Except animal protein, all the recommended dietary allowance. 2. According to the intake of calorie, the ratio of taken carbohydrate, protein and fat was 77.7 : 15.5 : 6.8. The intake of protein was desirable but most of calorie depended on carbohydrate. Among the total intake of protein, the ratio of animal protein was 47.5%, which was a high rate. 3. Most of calorie (75%), was taken from staples, protein (41.5%), vitamin B1 (48.3%) were taken at the same rate from staples and side dishes. Most of fat, calcium, ferrum, vitamin A, vitamin B, and vitamin C, was taken from side dishes. 4. In taking among the five basic food groups, proportion of the grain fourth food group was the highest, light color vegetable the third food groups, proportion of the grain fourth food group was the highest, light color vegetable the third food group was second, and Calcium food the second food group was the lowest. 5. As the staples, students liked tchajangmyon, mandu and ttokkuk as written order. They disliked Kongbap and Patpap. As the side dishes for the lunch box, they liked kimchi, ham, sausage, cuttlefish, dried slices of filefish, eggs and green seaweed as written order. As a side dishes they liked Laver, Cucumber, Squid, lettuce, Potatoes. They disliked pork fat, cow's intestines, cow's liver, Crussian carp, pickled fish. The favorite snack was fruits, ice cream, hamburger, Chocolate and milk. 6. In taking condition of the principal food, rice rate (65.6%) was the most, and mixed food was 5 or 10%. 7. Favorite cooking was frying, roasting and kimch. But disagreeable cooking was pickling. 8. Favorite food was what was pungent but disagreeable food was what was salty. 9. the higher parents educational background was, the higher their income was. Also the more various the information about the nutrition was, the better the intake of nutrition was. 10. The preference tendency influenced in choosing the side dish of the Lunch box. The higher the preference tendency of the girl students became, the better their nutrition condition became.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.185-188
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• 2008

시식성 파리에 의한 폐가축의 분해촉진 가능성을 폐사돈과 폐계를 사용하여 실험하였다. 2007년 5월 30일에 야외에 방치한 폐사돈(36kg)은 23일 후에 완전히 분해되었다. 2007년 7월 25일 폐계(3.4kg)를 상자에 넣고 문을 닫아두었을 때보다는 열어 놓았을 때에 야외의 파리가 유인되어 산란함으로써 더 빨리 분해되었다. 폐계를 상자에 방치한 지 6일 후의 무게는, 문을 3일간 열어두었을 때에는 0.6kg으로 감소하였으나 문을 닫아두었을 때에는 3.0kg으로 분해 속도가 느렸다. 2007년 10월 1일 폐계를 상자에 넣고 구리금파리(Lucilia sericata)를 50쌍 접종하였을 경우에는 3.2kg이던 것이 접종 22일 후에 1.0kg으로 줄어들었으나, 암:수 200:100 마리를 접종하였을 때에는 3.4kg이던 폐계가 11일 후에 0.8kg으로 감소되었다. 따라서 폐가축은 파리류에 의해서 분해가 촉진될 수 있으며, 폐가축 분해를 위한 검정파리류의 실용화를 위해서는 더 다양한 크기의 폐가축을 대상으로 더욱 다양한 환경조건 하에서 분해속도를 조사해야 할 것으로 생각된다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.163-174
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• 2012

This study focused on the nutrition knowledge, food purchase behaviors, and dietary habits of 213 housewives (41 women under 39 years, 98 women 40~49 years, and 74 women over 50 years). Younger housewives held more special jobs, whereas older housewives worked as housewives or had no jobs ($p$<0.05). The average monthly income of the three family groups was 3,000,000~5,000,000 won, and the monthly dietary expenditure for all three groups was 200,000~500,000 won. Familial frames for the three groups was nuclear family (over 80%), but housewives younger than 39 years (19.5%) lived together with their parents and let them take care of their children. Housewives (over 50 years) prepared a balanced diet for every meal, utilized less drastic cooking methods to prevent loss of nutrients, and shopped at many places in order to save money on various food materials. Further, they purchased food materials that resulted in the least amount of left overs. On the other hand, housewives under 39 years visited large supermarkets and purchased cooked foods more than other groups. Housewives under 39 years considered nutrients content as the most important factor when purchasing food materials, whereas 74.5% of housewives between 40~49 years and 51.4% of housewives over 50 years put the most importance on flavor ($p$<0.05). Housewives under 39 years were interested in manufacture date, nutrient content, and food price, in decreasing order, whereas housewives between 40~49 years and over 50 years were interested in manufacture date, food prices, and nutrient content. Older housewives were interested in brown rice and fruits, whereas younger housewives under 39 years were interested in meat, fish, eggs, fried foods, and fast food. Older housewives over 50 years did not consume fried foods more than two times per week and consumed three regular meals more often than younger housewives. Accordingly, for younger housewives, it is necessary that healthy foods be cooked for their families.