• 철학연구
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• 제141권
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• pp.85-93
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• 2017

중국의 춘추전국 시대는 정국이 혼란하고, 제후들이 패권을 다투고, 왕조가 무너지는 시기에 다양한 학문이 일어난 백가쟁명 시대이다. 이 시기에 철학계의 발전은 활발하고 학술성과도 매우 눈부셨다. 이에 맞춰 철학계의 주된 관심은 대부분이 하늘에 대한 인식과 천인관계 그리고 인성 등의 문제에 대해 초점을 두었다. 공자가 개창자인 유가사상은 춘추전국 시대에 주요 학파 중 하나이다. 유가는 인간을 근본으로 삼고 윤리를 중요시 하고 도덕을 강조하는 학술사상으로서 한국, 일본, 베트남, 싱가포르 등 여러 나라에 많은 영향을 끼쳤으며, 이른바 유가문화 생활권을 형성하게 되었다. 유가의 사상이념은 후대에도 많은 영향을 주었다. 근본에 주력하고 덕성을 숭상하는 입신처세의 이념과 '유교무류'(有敎無類: 가르침이 있을진댄 부류를 나누어서는 안된다), '인재시교'(因材施敎: 자질에 따라 가르침을 달리 베푼다)의 교육원칙, 그리고 '존왕천패'(尊王賤覇: 왕도정치를 존중하고 패도정치를 천하게 여긴다)의 정치사상은 큰 영향을 끼쳤다. 그렇지만 유가사상에 있어서 그 현대적 의의가 가장 큰 것은 바로 '천지만물지모'(天地萬物之母: 천지는 만물의 부모이다)라고 하는 천인관계론(天人關係論)과 낙천안명(樂天安命: 천명에 따라 분수에 맞게 산다)의 인생관이다. 유가철학에 있어서 낙천안명의 인생관은 천인관계의 인식론적 기초 위에 구성되었다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.249-254
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• 2019

This study is aimed to refute against medical opponent's claim that Korean medicine does not conform to the conditions of science. Analyses and refutations against a journal treatise and a Facebook column formally written for a logical criticism and attack were conducted. As an example of the logic of the knowledge production process in Chinese medicine, 8 principle theory was exemplified in the Han danasty Classics "Neijing" and "Shanghanlun" at first. The knowledge was continuously revised and accumulated historically and then completed through Ming、Cheng period. The differential diagnosis and treatment theory is a logical process of forming knowledge through the process of abduction, deduction and induction begun from "Shanghanlun" succeeded to nowadays and it is essentially equaled with the process of experimental inference by Claude Bernard. Examples of normal science status based on Kuhn's scientific standards include the theory of 8 principle, differntial diagnosis of viscera and bowel, 3 yang and 3 yin diseases of "Shanghanlun" and warm disease theory. Examples of science lost or get its normal status by refutation following Popper's standards were cold damage theory and warm disease theory respectively. This allowed Chinese medicine to follow the general principles of science that form scientific knowledge and to correspond with the demarcation standards and concepts of science. However, as one of the conditions for becoming a science, Chinese medicine is partially lacking in terms of the interpretation of text language or the accordance with modern knowledge. Therefore methods are required to supplement this lack through multi-faceted research such as literature-based, theoretical and clinical studies.

• 반도체디스플레이기술학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.55-58
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• 2009

Density functional theory was used to investigate the adsorption and reaction of $HfCl_4$ with two hydroxyls on Si (001)-$2{\times}1$ surface in atomic layer deposition (ALD) process. We prepared a reasonable Si substrate which consisted of six inter-dimer dissociated $H_2O$ molecules and two intra-dimer dissociated $H_2O$ molecules. The $HfCl_4$must react with two hydroxyls to be a bulk-like structure. When $HfCl_4$ was adsorbed on a hydroxyl, there was energy benefit of -0.55 eV. Though there was energy loss for $HfCl_4$ to react with H of hydroxyl, thermal energy of ALD chamber would be enough to pass the energy barriers. There were five reaction pathways for $HfCl_4$ to react with two hydroxyls; inter-dimer, intra-dimer, cross-dimer, inter-row, and cross-row. Inter-row, inter-dimer and intra-dimer were relatively favorable among the five reaction pathways based on the energy difference. The electron densities between O and Hf in these three reactions were higher than the others and they had shorter Hf-O and O-O bond lengths than the other two reaction pathways.

• 한국자기학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.139-143
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• 2015

CsCl 구조를 가지는 CoX(X = Ti, V, Nb) 이원화합물에서 (001) 표면계의 전자구조를 제일원리 전자구조 계산방법을 이용하여 계산하고 표면자성을 연구하였다. Co 원자로 끝나는 CoTi(001)계에서 표면 Co 원자의 자기모멘트는 가운데 층 Co 원자에 비해 상당히 증가한 $1.19{\mu}_B$였다. V 원자로 끝나는 CoV(001) 표면계에서 표면 V 원자의 자기모멘트는 가운데 층의 2.5배로서 $1.64{\mu}_B$이고, Co 원자로 끝나는 계에서 표면 Co 원자의 자기모멘트는 $1.34{\mu}_B$로 덩치 Co 원자에 비해 다소 감소하였다. CoNb(001)계에서 Nb 원자로 끝나는 계의 경우, 표면 Nb 원자의 자기모멘트는 가운데 층 Nb 원자에 비해 다소 감소한 $0.26{\mu}_B$였으며, Co 원자로 끝나는 표면계의 경우 자성이 사라졌다.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.503-510
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• 2021

Facial feminization surgery (FFS) incorporates aesthetic and craniofacial surgical principles and techniques to feminize masculine facial features and facilitate gender transitioning. A detailed understanding of the defining male and female facial characteristics is essential for success. In this first part of a two-part series, we discuss key aspects of the general preoperative consultation that should be considered when evaluating the prospective facial feminization patient. Assessment of the forehead, orbits, hairline, eyebrows, eyes, and nose and the associated procedures, including scalp advancement, supraorbital rim reduction, setback of the anterior table of the frontal sinus, rhinoplasty, and soft tissue modifications of the upper and midface are discussed. In the second part of this series, bony manipulation of the midface, mandible, and chin, as well as soft tissue modification of the nasolabial complex and chondrolaryngoplasty are discussed. Finally, a review of the literature on patient-reported outcomes in this population following FFS is provided.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제21권8호
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• pp.141-148
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• 2021

Project management is a current trend of management in the public sphere, based on different principles, methods and tools. The tools include information technologies providing control over time, cost, quality and planning process in order to ensure accountability to interested parties. The goal of the research was to examine the impact of the integration of information systems in project management of the public sphere on the quality of public governance and administration using the example of infrastructure projects involving the private sector in developing countries. The methodology of the research is based on the concepts of "digital-era governance" (DEG), "Information governance" and "project governance" to determine the effectiveness of information systems and technologies in the management of infrastructure projects in the public sphere. The data from the countries with Lower middle income (India, Indonesia, Philippines, Ukraine, Vietnam) and Upper middle income (Argentina, Brazil, China, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, Romania, Russian Federation, Thailand, Turkey) for 1996-2020 were used to study the effects of DEG. The results show two main trends in the countries with Lower middle income and Upper middle income. The first trend is the development of digital governance, the concept of "digital-era governance" through information systems and performance measurement of the governance system, forecasting of investment flows of infrastructure projects, measurement of payback and effectiveness parameters for investment management in the public sector, decision support. The second trend is the existence of systemic challenges related to corruption, social and institutional factors through the development of democracy in developing countries and the integration of NPM similar to developed countries. The confidence of interested parties, especially private investors, in public authorities is determined by other factors - the level of return on investment, risks and assignment of responsibility, probability of successful completion of the project. These data still remain limited for a wide range of project participants, including citizens.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.89-111
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• 2021

Purpose - The U.S. Trade Preference Expansion Act (TPEA) of 2015 enables the US Department of Commerce (DOC) to inflate dumping margin when the particular market situation (PMS) exists in the exporter's home market. DOC applied PMS provisions to the steel products from Korea. This paper analyzes whether DOC's calculation by using the regression analysis is consistent with WTO rules. Design/methodology - This paper analyzes the PMS application in law and regression analysis that extends the data period from 10 years to 18 years using the same economic model with DOC, and changes the country group according to the quantities of steelmaking capacity. Findings - Results show that DOC's argument conflating the sales-based with cost-based PMS designed to inflate dumping margins might not be consistent with WTO Antidumping Agreement Article 2.2 and 2.2.1.1 in which costs shall normally be calculated on the basis of records kept by the exporter, providing generally accepted accounting principles and reasonably reflection of the costs and PMS that exists in the Korean steel product markets. Even if it will be consistent, DOC's calculated margin by the regression analysis using a 10-year data is a big gap (5 times) compared with an 18-year data projection and different countries' data through the same methodology, which is a huge gap of regression coefficient. It means that dumping margin would be very wide range from 7.8% to 38.54% and unstable to calculate. Inflating dumping margin by DOC using regression analysis would not only be inconsistent with WTO rules, but also projection result is unreliable. Originality/value - Literature papers have mainly analyzed WTO law itself. This paper however, would be the first attempt to analyze the DOC's new way of dumping margin calculation in both manners of law and an empirical methodology perspective at the same time.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제21권12spc호
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• pp.427-436
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• 2021

The article reveals and theoretically substantiates the trends of foreign language teachers' professional training in universities of Ukraine in terms of European integration, which are systematized in three areas: macro-level (system of education), meso-level (universities) and micro-level (subjects of educational process). The article aims to substantiate the trends of foreign language teacher training in the context of European integration and the main directions of creative use of constructive ideas of European experience in the innovative development of education. The article lights up the system for improving foreign language teacher training in universities, which is based on updated goals, content and approaches to the implementation of basic concepts, principles and features of teacher training in European experience, enable us to improve the quality of teacher training, its competitiveness in the European labor market. In the article developed the conceptual model of strategic development of the university in the conditions of European integration. It is emphasized that information technologies provide great opportunities for the development of professional skills and intellectual potential of future professionals. At present, the computerization of the educational process in higher education institutions is considered as one of the first and most promising areas for improving the quality of education. The article offered directions of internationalization of educational activity of university in the conditions of European integration. Diagnostic tools for the development of the university in terms of integration into the European educational space, individual rating and ranking of structural units of the university have been developed; main directions of activity of the laboratory of the skill of the teacher of higher school and methodical recommendations on the creation and the organization of work of scientific laboratories.

• 기록학연구
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• 제6호
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• pp.121-160
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• 2002

This paper reports the project of arranging archives of Administrative Headquarters of the Jogye Order. It illustrates the whole process of preliminary survey, arrangement, appraisal and description of the archives. One of the distinctive features of the project lies in its focus on practical considerations. In other words, it has avoided blindly following theoretical recommendations made by previous efforts. First step of the project has been to review the current state of the archives through preliminary survey as well as analysis of related regulations. Second step has followed to establish actual process of classifying, appraising, describing, filing and designing storage facility management as well as a computerized archival management system. In this process, every concern has been given to prevent records and archives from physical damage and to ensure their intellectual order kept so that archival information could be re-constructed and usability and efficiency of the records could be secured. Major contributions made by the project can be found in that it has reviewed the volume of administrative archives created and held by Jogye Order and improved the overall efficiency of as well as information sharing among personnel at the Headquarter. The most notable accomplishment could be, however, found in that the project has helped the personnel to rediscover their own history from their records, rather than from their memory. From the theoretical perspective of archival science, the meaning of the project can also be found in that it has provided with the starting point toward establishing organizing methodology for organizational archives including religious archives. Arranging archives of an organization requires archivists to respect theories and principles, but at the same time, adequate attention should be paid to reflect idiosyncratic characteristics of the organization. General methods applicable to a wider range of archives could be derived from the very endeavor. Though impossible in a short period of time, it could be accomplished by accumulating theoretical and practical knowledge and experience.

• 산업진흥연구
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.39-52
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• 2019

청소년으로 하여금 가족, 동료, 친구 연대의식이 유지될 수 있도록 도와주는 것도 아주 중요하다. 만약 자살을 시도하였으나 다행히 생명을 보전하였다면 일차적으로 '위기개입'을 해야한다. 즉 응급실 또는 입원치료 하에서 신속한 신체적 검사와 조치를 받아야 함은 물론이고 자살의 근본원인과 정신상태, 가족관계 등에 대한 정신과적인 접근과 치료가 필요하다. 청소년들은 자신의 문제해결에 대한 실마리가 안보이거나 대처 방법이 없다고 느낄 때 자살의 충동을 느낀다. 청소년 자살을 줄일 수 있는 대책을 세워 올바른 성격형성을 할 수 있도록 도와주는 방법도 있겠지만 가장 근본적 치료는 예방이다. 작은 관심과 작은 사랑만 있다면 지금 청소년들이 겪고 있는 문제가 조금은 해결 될 수 있을 것이다. 이런 방법을 통하여 우리는 청소년의 자살을 줄일 수 있으며 우리의 미래를 짊어지고 나가야할 우리의 인재들을 보호할 수 있도록 각계각층의 노력이 필요할 것이다.