Archives of Plastic Surgery

Korean Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons (대한성형외과학회)
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Evaluation and treatment of facial feminization surgery: part I. forehead, orbits, eyebrows, eyes, and nose

  • Dang, Brian N. (Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine) ;
  • Hu, Allison C. (Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine) ;
  • Bertrand, Anthony A. (Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine) ;
  • Chan, Candace H. (Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine) ;
  • Jain, Nirbhay S. (Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine) ;
  • Pfaff, Miles J. (Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine) ;
  • Lee, James C. (Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine) ;
  • Lee, Justine C. (Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine)
  • Received : 2021.01.20
  • Accepted : 2021.07.12
  • Published : 2021.09.15
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Abstract

Facial feminization surgery (FFS) incorporates aesthetic and craniofacial surgical principles and techniques to feminize masculine facial features and facilitate gender transitioning. A detailed understanding of the defining male and female facial characteristics is essential for success. In this first part of a two-part series, we discuss key aspects of the general preoperative consultation that should be considered when evaluating the prospective facial feminization patient. Assessment of the forehead, orbits, hairline, eyebrows, eyes, and nose and the associated procedures, including scalp advancement, supraorbital rim reduction, setback of the anterior table of the frontal sinus, rhinoplasty, and soft tissue modifications of the upper and midface are discussed. In the second part of this series, bony manipulation of the midface, mandible, and chin, as well as soft tissue modification of the nasolabial complex and chondrolaryngoplasty are discussed. Finally, a review of the literature on patient-reported outcomes in this population following FFS is provided.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

All sources of funds supporting the completion of this manuscript are under the auspices of the University of California Los Angeles. This work was supported by the Bernard G. Sarnat Endowment for Craniofacial Biology (JCL). JCL is additionally supported by the Jean Perkins Foundation and the National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research R01 DE028098 (JCL) and R01 DE029234 (JCL).

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