• Animal Bioscience
• /
• 제35권4호
• /
• pp.624-630
• /
• 2022

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the expression level of filaggrin-2 (FLG2) in correlation with drip loss. Methods: The muscle samples were randomly taken from a local meat supplier. Samples were taken from Longissimus lumborum muscles to evaluate the drip loss (n = 100). Five muscles per group (low and high drip loss) were selected to evaluate FLG2 mRNA and protein expression levels. Results: mRNA of FLG2 gene was not significantly different in pigs with different levels of drip loss (p>0.05). Statistical analysis revealed that FLG2 protein expression levels were significantly different between the drip loss groups. Western blot revealed that the high drip loss group had higher FLG2 protein expression level than the low drip loss group (p<0.001). Moreover, immunohistochemistry revealed the high signal intensity was on the muscle cell membrane and cytoplasm. Conclusion: FLG2 protein might play roles in drip loss of pork and will provide the basis for information to improving meat quality traits in pigs.

• Annals of dermatology
• /
• 제30권6호
• /
• pp.645-652
• /
• 2018

Background: Adiponectin, an adipokine secreted from adipocytes, affects energy metabolism and also shows anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory properties. Recent studies have reported that adiponectin plays a role in regulating skin inflammation. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of adiponectin on the expression of filaggrin (FLG) in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs). Methods: NHEKs were serum-starved for 6h before being treated with adiponectin. Afterward, cell viability was assessed by MTT assay. We also treated with calcium, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-13 to provide positive and negative comparative controls, respectively. Gene mRNA expression was quantified using real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and protein expression was evaluated using Western blot. To evaluate the relationship among mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), activator protein 1 (AP-1), and FLG, we also treated cells with inhibitors for MAPKs JNK, p38, and ERK1/2. Results: FLG and FLG-2 mRNA expression in NHEKs significantly increased after treatment with $10{\mu}g/ml$ adiponectin. Adiponectin also restored FLG and FLG-2 mRNA expression that was otherwise inhibited by treatment with IL-4 and IL-13. Adiponectin induced FLG expression via AP-1 and MAPK signaling. Conclusion: Adiponectin positively regulated the expression of FLG and could be useful as a therapeutic agent to control diseases related to disrupted skin barrier function.

• 대한화장품학회지
• /
• 제49권1호
• /
• pp.59-65
• /
• 2023

사이자이지움 클래비플로룸(Syzygium claviflorum (Roxb.) Wall. ex A.M. Cowan & Cowan, S. claviflorum)의 추출물 (잎, 줄기, 열매, 꽃)의 화장품 소재로써 활용되기 위한 생리활성 능력을 검증하였다. 첫번째로, S. claviflorum 추출물은 DPPH와 ABTS assay법을 이용한 항산화 실험에서 다양한 농도로 처리한 결과, 약 80% 이상의 자유 라디칼을 제거하였다. 사람 피부 표피 각질형성세포(human epidermal keratinocytes)를 이용한 세포독성 실험에서는 S. claviflorum 추출물은 낮은 세포독성을 보였다. 또한, S. claviflorum 추출물은 각질형성세포의 분화인자 (keratin (KRT)1, KRT2, KRT9, KRT10)와 피부장벽의 기능 유지에 중요한 involucrin (IVL), loricrin (LOR), filaggrin (FLG)과 claudin1 (CLDN1) 유전자의 발현을 현저히 증가시켰다. 특히, in vitro 아토피 피부염 실험에서 interleukin (IL)-4/IL-13에 의해 억제된 FLG 단백질 발현이 S. claviflorum 추출물에 의해 회복되었다. 따라서, 뛰어난 항산화 효능과 피부장벽 개선 기능을 보유한 S. claviflorum 추출물은 향후 아토피 피부염 치료제 및 화장품 개발에 유용한 소재가 될 것이다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제34권10호
• /
• pp.1969-1980
• /
• 2024

Atopic dermatitis (AD), a chronic inflammatory disease, severely interferes with patient life. Human placenta extract (HPH; also known as human placenta hydrolysate) is a rich source of various bioactive substances and has widely been used to dampen inflammation, improve fatigue, exert anti-aging effects, and promote wound healing. However, information regarding HPH's incorporation in AD therapies is limited. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate HPH's effective potential in treating AD using tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α/interferon (IFN)-γ-stimulated human keratinocytes (HaCaT), immunized splenocytes, and a 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced AD mouse model. In TNF-α /IFN-γ-stimulated HaCaT cells, HPH markedly reduced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and restored the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), superoxide dismutase 1(SOD1), catalase, and filaggrin (FLG). HPH reduced interleukin (IL)-6; thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC); thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP); and regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and presumably secreted (RANTES) levels and inhibited nuclear factor kappa B phosphorylation. Additionally, HPH suppressed the T helper 2 (Th2) immune response in immunized splenocytes. In the AD-like mouse model, it significantly mitigated the DNCB-induced elevation in infiltrating mast cells and macrophages, epidermal thickness, and AD symptoms. HPH also reduced TSLP levels and prevented FLG downregulation. Furthermore, it decreased the expression levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, TARC, RANTES, and immunoglobulin E (IgE) in serum and AD-like skin lesion. Overall, our findings demonstrate that HPH effectively inhibits AD development and is a potentially useful therapeutic agent for AD-like skin disease.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
• /
• 제35권4호
• /
• pp.156-166
• /
• 2021

Objectives The purpose of this study is to confirm the regulate effect of T helper (Th) 2 differentiation that Baekho-tang extract may produce to improves skin lipid barrier damages. Methods Four-weeks-old NC/Nga mice were divided into four groups: control group (Ctrl, n=10), lipid barrier eliminated group (LBE, n=10), Dexamethasone treatment after lipid barrier elimination group (DxT, n=10), and Baekho-tang extract treatment group after lipid barrier elimination group (BHTT, n=10). Baeko-tang extract was administered for 3 days after removal of the skin fat barrier in BHTT group. Then, we identified changes in external symptoms of the skin, factors affecting skin barrier such as potential of hydrogen (pH), filaggrin (FLG), transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and Th2 differentiation factors like Interleukin (IL)-4, Kallikrein Related Peptidase 7 (KLK7) and protease activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) through our immunohistochemistry. Results After lipid barrier elimination, the reduction of morphological skin inflammations was less in BHTT group than in LBE group and DxT group. Also, pH and TEWL were significantly decreased with BHTT group. However, FLG was significantly increased in BHTT group compared to LBE, DxT, and Ctrl group. All kinds of Th2 differentiation factors (IL-4, KLK7 and PAR-2) were also decreased in BHTT compared to the LBE and DxT. Conclusions As a result of this study, BHT administration decreased pH, TEWL, and increased FLG, thus participating in recovering damaged skin barrier. Since Th2 differentiation factors were decreased as well, BHT's regulatory effect in sequential immune reactions may be a possible explanation of how it enhances recovery of the damaged lipid barrier.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제45권2호
• /
• pp.354-360
• /
• 2021

Background: Protopanaxatriol (PPT) is a secondary intestinal metabolite of ginsenoside in ginseng. Although the effects of PPT have been reported in various diseases including cancer, diabetes and inflammatory diseases, the skin protective effects of PPT are poorly understood. Methods: HaCaT cells were treated with PPT in a dose-dependent manner. mRNA and protein levels which related to skin barrier and hydration were detected compared with retinol. Luciferase assay was performed to explore the relative signaling pathway. Western blot was conducted to confirm these pathways and excavated further signals. Results: PPT enhanced the expression of filaggrin (FLG), transglutaminase (TGM)-1, claudin, occludin and hyaluronic acid synthase (HAS) -1, -2 and -3. The mRNA expression levels of FLG, TGM-1, HAS-1 and HAS-2 were suppressed under NF-κB inhibition. PPT significantly augmented NF-κB-luc activity and upregulated Src/AKT/NF-κB signaling. In addition, PPT also increased phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) ERK, JNK and p38 and upstream MAPK activators (MEK and MKK). Furthermore, transcriptional activity of AP-1 and CREB, which are downstream signaling targets of MAPK, was enhanced by PPT. Conclusion: PPT improves skin barrier function and hydration through Src/AKT/NF-κB and MAPK signaling. Therefore, PPT may be a valuable component for cosmetics or treating skin disorders.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제46권1호
• /
• pp.115-125
• /
• 2022

Background: Ginsenosides (GS) have potential value as cosmetic additives for prevention of skin photoaging. However, their protective mechanisms against skin barrier damage and their active monomeric constituents are unknown. Methods: GS monomer types and their relative proportions were identified. A UVB-irradiated BALB/c hairless mouse model was used to assess protective effects of GS components on skin epidermal thickness and transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Skin barrier function, reflected by filaggrin (FLG), involucrin (IVL), claudin-1 (Cldn-1), and aquaporin 3 (AQP3) levels and MAPK phosphorylation patterns, were analyzed in UVB-irradiated hairless mice or HaCaT cells. Results: Total GS monomeric content detected by UPLC was 85.45% and was largely attributed to 17 main monomers that included Re (16.73%), Rd (13.36%), and Rg1 (13.38%). In hairless mice, GS ameliorated UVB-induced epidermal barrier dysfunction manifesting as increased epidermal thickness, increased TEWL, and decreased stratum corneum water content without weight change. Furthermore, GS treatment of UVB-irradiated mice restored protein expression levels and epidermal tissue distributions of FLG, IVL, Cldn-1, and AQP3, with consistent mRNA and protein expression results obtained in UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells (except for unchanging Cldn-1 expression). Mechanistically, GS inhibited JNK, p38, and ERK phosphorylation in UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells, with a mixture of Rg2, Rg3, Rk3, F2, Rd, and Rb3 providing the same protective MAPK pathway inhibition-associated upregulation of IVL and AQP3 expression as provided by intact GS treatment. Conclusion: GS protection against UVB-irradiated skin barrier damage depends on activities of six ginsenoside monomeric constituents that inhibit the MAPK signaling pathway.

• 대한화장품학회지
• /
• 제47권2호
• /
• pp.171-178
• /
• 2021

본 연구에서는 프로바이오틱스 유래 엑소좀 유사 나노베지클을 분리하고, 피부에 대한 여러 가지 생리활성을 평가했다. 프로바이오틱스의 한 종인 Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis (LL)를 배양하고 고압균질기와 한외여과를 통해 70 ~ 200 nm 크기를 갖는 LL 유래 엑소좀 유사 나노베지클(LVs)을 분리했다. 나노입자추적분석 결과 1.81 × 10¹¹ particles/mL로 나타났다. LVs를 섬유아세포와 피부각질세포에 처리하여 피부 주름과 장벽 개선과 관련된 효능을 확인했다. 우선 섬유아세포에서 fibrillin (FBN1) 유전자 발현량이 23%, 피부각질세포에서 fibronectin (FN1)과 filaggrin (FGN) 유전자 발현량이 각각 65%, 400% 증가했다. 그리고 각질형성능은 대조군 대비 30% 증가함을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한, UV 조사한 피부각질세포에 LVs를 처리했을 때 collagen type I alpha 1 (COL1A1)이 대조군 대비 약 83% 증가하는 결과를 보여주었다. 이로써 프로바이오틱스 유래 엑소좀 유사 나노베지클은 장벽 개선과 관련하여 화장품 및 의약품 소재로 이용할 수 있음을 확인했다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
• /
• 제32권4호
• /
• pp.226-231
• /
• 2018

Chijabaegpi-tang (CHG) is an oriental herbal medicine that has been used for its various pharmacological effects, which include anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and immunoregulation activities. In the present study, we investigated which skin inflammations are involved in the $TNF-{\alpha}/IFN{\gamma}$-induced HaCaT cells. We investigated the suppressive effect of CHG on $TNF-{\alpha}/IFN{\gamma}$-induced HaCaT cell production of the following chemokines: macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC)/CCL22; regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES)/CCL5; and interleukin-8 (IL-8); thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC)/CCL17. The pre-treatment of HaCaT cells with CHG suppressed $TNF-{\alpha}/IFN{\gamma}$-induced nuclear transcription factor kappa-B ($NF-{\kappa}B$). In addition, CHG inhibited $TNF-{\alpha}/IFN{\gamma}$-induced phosphorylation of ERK and p38. $TNF-{\alpha}/IFN{\gamma}$ suppressed the expression of skin barrier proteins, including filaggrin (FLG), Involucrin (IVL) and loricrin (LOR). By contrast, CHG restored the expression of FLG, IVL and LOR. Taken together, our findings suggest that CHG could be a therapeutic agent for prevention of skin disease, including atopic dermatitis.

• 생명과학회지
• /
• 제27권4호
• /
• pp.482-499
• /
• 2017

Allergy 질환은 지난 십여년 동안 개발도상국을 포함해서 전 세계적으로 증가하고 있다. Allergy 염증 반응은 수지상 세포와 같은 항원제시 세포에 의한 allergy 항원섭취를 시작으로 하여 Th2 면역 반응에 의해서 일어난다. 장내 미생물은 신체의 대사나 생리적 기능을 조절하고, 생애 초기의 면역 체계 성숙과 일생 동안 면역 체계 항상성 및 상피세포 총체성에 기여한다. Bifidobacteria는 Th1/Th2 balance에 strain-specific 한 면역 자극 특성을 가지며, TSLP와 IgE 발현을 억제 시키고 Flg과 FoxP3 발현을 촉진 시켜 allergy를 완화시킨다. 또한 Unmethylated CpG motif ODN은 B 세포와 수지상 세포의 TLR9에 의해 인식 되어 선천성과 적응성 면역 반응을 유도하고, Clostridium butyricum에 의해서 생산된 butyrate는 수지상 세포의 anti-inflammatory 유전자의 발현을 유도하기 위해 GPR109a signaling pathway를 활성화시키고, GPR43 활성화를 통하여 tTreg 세포 proliferation을 직접 자극하거나 HADC 활성을 억제시켜 Foxp3 gene intronic enhancer의 histone H3 acetylation을 통해 naive $CD4^+$ T 세포를 pTreg 세포로 분화시킨다.