• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.113-120
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• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate variables related to dietary fiber intake among sixth grade children in an elementary school in Daejon city. One hundred and forty-seven children completed a questionnaire for determining their socioeconomic background and their food habits. Anthropometric measurements were taken, and a 24-hour diet recall method was used to collect three-day food intakes. The socioeconomic status of the children's families belonged to the upper middle class; 53.0% of their fathers and 25.8% of their mothers had completed college or higher degrees. 27.9% of the mothers had jobs, including part-time jobs. Approximately 30% of the children skipped breakfast, 66.4% of the children preferred animal foods to plant foods, and 52.4% of the children preferred green vegetables to yellow or pale vegetables. Grilled meat dishes, such as Grilled beef rib with seasoning, Bulgogi, grilled pork belly and beef steaks, were the most popular types of food eaten outside home by the children. Daily dietary fiber intake was 14.5 g in boys and 14.5 g in girls, and these intakes are low compared to the standard guidelines. The average intakes of energy and protein of the children were 84.5% and 114.0% of the Korean Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), respectively. Besides energy, riboflavin, iron and calcium intakes were below the RDAs, and especially calcium intake was only 50% of the RDAs. On the other hand, thiamin, niacin, ascorbic acid, protein and phosphorus intakes exceeded the Korean RDAs. Family income or the children's body mass index (BMI) was not directly related to dietary fiber intakes. However, higher dietary fiber intakes tended to be related to higher intakes of green vegetables and fruits. Children with higher dietary fiber intake tended to prefer plant foods to animal foods. Energy and most nutrients, except heme iron and retinol, showed positive relationships with dietary fiber intake. Especially potassium and plant origin protein and calcium were highly correlated with dietary fiber intakes(r＞0.6). From these results, it is concluded that dietary fiber intakes of these sixth grade elementary school children were less than the standard reference and it is anticipated to decrease further in the future with increased incomes. Therefore, increased intakes of dietary fiber by elementary school children should be promoted through nutrition education, together with the development of cooking methods and recipes utilizing green vegetables and fruits.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.293-300
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to develop a dietary fiber composition table (DFCT) and to assess dietary fiber intakes in Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Methods: The DFCT was developed by compiling the food composition tables published by the agencies of Korea, United States, or Japan. When there was no available data from the same species or status (dried, boiled, etc.) of food, the values were imputed by estimating from the same species with different status or substituting familiar species in biosystematic grouping. Using KNHANES VI-2 (2014) microdata and DFCT, intake of dietary fiber of Koreans was estimated. Results: Among the 5,126 food items of DFCT, the proportion of items of which dietary fiber contents were taken from the analytical values of the same foods was 40.9%. The data from the domestic food composition tables was 37.5%, and the data from the foreign tables was 49.6%. The rest was assumed as zero, or estimated with recipe database and nutrition labeling. Mean daily intake of dietary fiber was 23.2 g, and mean intake per 1,000 kcal was 10.7 g in men and 12.6 g in women. The mean percentage of dietary fiber intake compared to adequate intake was higher than 100%. The major food groups contributing to dietary fiber intakes were vegetables and cereals, and the percent contribution were 32.9% and 23.0% of total dietary fiber intakes, respectively. Conclusions: This DFCT could serve as a useful database for assessing dietary fiber intakes and for investigating the association between dietary fiber intakes and noncommunicable diseases.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.12-21
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• 2005

The aim of this study was to assess dietary fiber intake and the relationship between dietary fiber intake and nutrient intakes of elementary school students. Food consumption of 200 elementary school students (100 boys, 100 girls) in the 6th grade in Gimhae was assessed by 2-day estimated food records. Nutrient intakes were calculated using CAN-pro and total dietary fiber (TDF) intake using the TDF tables of the common Korean foods. The mean height and weight of the boys were 147.7 cm and 42.1 kg. The mean height and weight of the girls were 149.1 cm and 41.1 kg. The mean body mass index (BMI) of the boys (19.3 $kg/m^2$) was significantly higher than that of the girls (18.4 $kg/m^2$, p < 0.05). Average daily intake of energy of the boys and girls was 1733 and 1778 kcal, respectively. Intakes of protein, P, and niacin of the boys and girls exceeded $110\%$ of current RDA. Intakes of Fe, vitamin $B_1$ and vitamin $B_2$ of the boys were similar to RDA. Intake of vitamin $B_1$ exceeded $110\%$ of current RDA and intakes of Fe and vitamin A were similar to RDA among the girls. Ca intake of the boys and girls was $74.2\%$ and $60.1\%$ of RDA, respectively. Vitamin C intake of the boys and girls were $63.6\%$ and $71.7\%$ of RDA, respectively. Intakes of fat, Ca, P, and vitamin $B_2$ of the boys were significantly higher than the girls. Intakes of Fe and vitamin A of the boys were significantly lower than the girls. Average daily intakes of TDF of the boys and girls were 11.2 g and 11.1 g, respectively. TDF intake of the children at the 6th grade of elementary school was about $70\%$ of 'age (yr) + 5 g', a recommended level for American children. Major food groups to supply dietary fiber were vegetables, grains, and seasonings among the boys and girls. Major sources of dietary fiber were Kimchi, rice, and red pepper powder which supplied $17.85\%$. $15.71\%$, and $5.18\%$ of TDF among the boys and $18.02\%$, $16.22\%$, and $6.58\%$ among the girls. Daily fiber intake showed significant positive correlations with intakes of grains, vegetables, fruits, legumes, and seasonings among the boys and girls. Daily fiber intake showed significant positive correlations with intakes of energy, carbohydrates, protein, lipids, Ca, P, vitamin A, vitamin $B_1$ vitamin $B_2$, niacin, and vitamin C among both the boys and girls. From the results of this study we could conclude that it is recommended to increase dietary fiber intake in elementary school students at upper level.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.42-52
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• 2014

The aim of this investigation was to assess the relationship between food habits and nutrient intake in college female students. Nutrient intakes of 149 female subjects aged 19.3 y were determined by using 24-hr recall. The questionnaire included general characteristics and food habits (frequency of breakfast and fast food intake). Body composition was determined by bioim- pedance analysis. Nutrient analysis was performed with Can pro software. Statistics were generated using SAS 9.3 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Mean intake of energy, fiber, calcium, potassium. vitamin $B_2$ and vitamin C by the subjects ware below KDRIs. The nutrients for which the largest proportion of subjects showed inadequate intakes (less than the RI or AI) were potassium, calcium, vitamin C and fiber. Subjects that consumed fast food ${\leq}6$ times showed significantly lower intakes of calcium, potassium, fiber, vitamin A, vitamin $B_6$ and vitamin C. Subjects who skipped breakfast more frequently showed significantly lower intakes of energy, carbohydrate, fiber, calcium, iron, potassium, vitamin $B_2$ and vitamin C than subjects who ate breakfast more frequently. This is strong evidence that higher intakes of nutrients such as potassium, fiber, and calcium are associated with increased frequency of eating breakfast or decreased frequency of eating fast food. Low calcium, fiber, and potassium intakes may thus lead to chronic diseases. Nutrition education can be an important facilitator for improving nutrient intakes.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.147-154
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• 1997

This study was conducted to evaluate dietary fiber intake, iron status, and their correlations in 50 female college students living in Seoul. The nutritional status was analyzed using 3-day dietary record, duplicated diet collection, and venous blood sampling. The mean values for age, height, weight, BMI, and blood pressure of the subjects were 23.2 years, 160.2cm, 53.9kg, 21.0kg/$m^2$, and 110.1/68.4mmHg, respectively. Daily intakes of enery, protein, fiber, crude fiber, iron, and heme iron were 1635.5㎉, 54.3g, 22.5g, 6.8g, 16.2mg, and 0.2mg, respectively. Fiver intake was positively correlate with energy, protein, carbohydrate, vitamin C, iron, and crude fiber intakes. Also, iron intake was positively correlated with energy, protein, lipid, carbohydrate, and vitamin C intakes. There was a significant correlation between heme iron and MFP(meat, fish, poultry) intakes. To exame the iron balance, iron intake and excretion were measured. Iron intake and excretions through urine and feces were 19.5mg, 8.5mg, and 1.6mg, respectively. Based on these iron retention and iron apparent absorbability were calculated as 9.4mg and 52.4%, respectively. There was no significant relationship between dietary fiber intake and iron status. However, there were significant positive correlation between fiber intake and urinary iron excretion.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.59-69
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• 1994

Dietary fiber(DF) intakes of Korean during 1969∼1990 were estimated and the major food sources of fiber were analyzed using the data from the Annual Reports of Korean National Nutrition Survey. The estimated daily DF intake of Korean has gradually decreased during the 22 years, from 24.46g in 1969 to 17.31g in 1990 with a remarkable decline in 1987. The average DF intakes of the rural population were higher than those fo urban's until 1980, but the situation was reversed until 1987 and the regional difference in DF consumption disappeared thereafter. Vegetables, cereals, grain and legumes were the major sources of fiber for Korean in recent 5 years(1986∼1990), providing 32%, 16% and 19% of DF intake respectively. Throughout the 22years, the intakes of DF from cereals and fresh vegetables have been reduced and those from processed vegetables, seaweeds and fruits has been increased. Df intake from legumes continuously increased until 1986, and it decreased thereafter. Rural population consumed more fiber from cereals than the urban's during the 1970s, but thereafter regional difference in cereal fiber intakes became insignificant. Urban population consumed more fiber from legumes and fruits than the rural's through the entire period. The results of this study indicate that the present DF intake of Korean is considerably lower than generally anticipated and is below the tentative recommended DF intake and thus higher DF intake than the present level is needed.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.477-486
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• 1999

This study was performed to investigate the variation in dietary fiber and fat intakes, and the contribution of food groups to dietary fiber and fat consumption in relation to age and to examine the relationship between dietary fiber and fat intakes in 337 urban adults aged 20-49 year. Dietary intakes were evaluated with one-day 24-hour recall and two-day dietary record method. Significantly higher intakes of fat in males and saturated fatty acid, monounsaturated fatty acid, polyunsaturated fatty acid, and cholesterol in females were associated with younger age. The ratio of fat to the total energy intake slightly exceeded 20% at 20s and 30s in both males and females. The main source of dietary fiber was vegetables in all age groups of males and 30s of females, but grains in 20s and 40s of females. The main source of fat was meats in all age groups of males and 40s of females, but grains in 20s and 30s in females. The main source of cholesterol was eggs in both males and females. Dietary fiber intake was positively correlated with all fat-related parameters except cholesterol in 20s and 40s and was positively related with fat in 30s of males. For females dietary fiber intake was positively correlated with polyunsaturated fatty acid in 20s and with monounsaturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid in 40s. These findings show that there is considerable variation in intake of dietary fiber and fat in relation to age among adults and suggest that these factors should be considered at interventions aimed toward improvement of nutritional status.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.592-602
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• 2005

This study was conducted to compare nutrient intakes regarding stages of change in dietary fiber increasing behavior. Subjects were consisted of healthy 383 college students (2S0 females and 133 males) in Kyunggi-Do. Stages of change classified by an algorithm based on 6 items were designed each subjects into one of the 5 stages: precontemplation (PC), contemplation (CO), preparation (PR), action (AC), maintenance (MA). Nutrient intakes were assessed by 24-hr recall method. Regarding the S stages of changes, PR stage comprised the largest group $(39.4\%)$, followed by AC $(33.7\%)$, MA$(14.6\%)$, PC$(7.6\%)$, CO$(34.7\%)$. Female were more belong to either AC or MA. The higher stage of change in dietary fiber increasing behavior, the higher self-efficacy. In all male and female, there were no differences in energy, protein, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol intakes across the 5 stages. But, fiber, postassuim (K), vitamin A and vitamin C intakes of AC or MA were higer than those of PC, CO and PR $Energy\%$ from fat of $PR(25.4\~26.5\%)$ was higher than $20\%$, and those of AC and MA was lower than the other groups. Dietary P/S and ${\varepsilon}6/{\varepsilon}$ 3 ratios of AC and MA were similar to the recommended ratio. Female of PR had the most total saturated fat and palmitic acid and those of MA had the least. Male of PR had the least $\alpha-LNA\;({\varepsilon}3)$ and total ${\varepsilon}3$ fatty acids and those of MA had the most. In male and female in AC or MA, fiber and K intakes from breakfast, dinner and snack and vitamin C intakes from all meals were higher than those of the other stages. These results of our study confirm differences in stages of change in fiber intake in terms of nutritional status. To have lower $energy\%$ from fat, higher intakes of K, fiber and vitamins, desirable ratio of dietary fatty acids, it needs consistent nutritional education leading to the AC or MA of fiber increasing behavior.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.10
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• pp.1052-1060
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• 2003

Poor dietary habits and inadequate nutrient intakes are of concern in the elderly, even it is worse in rural areas. In the present study, we conducted the anthropometric measurement and the dietary intakes including macronutrients, minerals and vitamins to assess the nutrient intakes and nutritional risk in elderly people in rural kyungpook province in South Korea. Subjects (n = 168, mean age, 67.3 yrs) were interviewed using d general questionnaire and 3 days of 24-hours recall for dietary intake. Nutrient intakes were analyzed using CAN-pro soft program and compared to Korean RDA and nutrition reference values (NRV). The anthropometric measurement showed that the weight and the height of the subjects in the rural area were below the average of the same age of Korean elderly people. The energy and protein intakes were 85％ and 90％ of Korean RDA, respectively. The intakes of lipid, cholesterol and dietary fiber were 62％, 40％ and 22％ of NRV for Korean adults. Main sources for protein and lipid intakes came from the vegetable sources and this pattern was more prominent in female elderly people. Ca intake was half of Korean RDA (56％), while P intake was 132％ of Korean RDA. For the antioxidant trace mineral (Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, and Se) intakes, Fe and Zn intakes were 78％ and > 103％ of Korean RDA. Cu, Mn and Se intakes were > 113％, > 275％, and > 185％ of Korean NRV. Thiamin, niacin and vitamin C intakes were above Korean RDA, but the intakes of vitamin A and riboflavin were 88％ and 63％ of Korean RDA, respectively. On summarizing the results of the present study, the elderly people in rural area consume less lipid, cholesterol, Ca, and dietary fiber. Ca intake is lower, while P intake is higher, and this would be the potential risk for bone health. Also, Na intake was high, which can be the potential risk for the cardiovascular disease prevailance. Vitamin intakes were fairly good status, excepting riboflavin. Antioxidant mineral intakes were much higher than Korean NRV, unexpectedly. The results suggest that the elderly people in rural area have inadequate intakes of protein, lipid, dietary fiber and Ca, which mainly should be supplied from animal products. Recommendations to increase diet variety would be emphasized for this nutritionally poor-conditioned subjects, specially including animal food products and high dietary fiber food.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.534-546
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• 1991

Three-day dietary records data from 237 college students(male 65, female 172) were used as the basis to estimate total dietary fiber(DF) intake of Korean adults & to investigate the major food sources of fiber. Mean daily DF intake of the subjects was 15.2$\pm$3.7g range being 7.5-34g When related to energy intake women consume more DF(7.7$\pm$1.5/1000kcal) than men(6.8$\pm$1.7g/1000kcal) Mean daily crude fiber(CF) intake of the subjects was 6.2$\pm$2.4g The mean DF:CF ratio for the subjects was 2.5$\pm$0.5 indicating that DF intake is 2-3 times of CF intakes The intakes of the two measures of fiber were highly correlated(r=0.791) The major food sources for DF in Korean are vegetables cereals and fruits and 14.3% respectively In comparision with limited international data on the DF intake by adults DF intake by the subjects was similar to those of developed countries. Present study indicates that DF intakes of the subjects are considerably lower than recommended level and they need to consume more DF than the present level.