• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
• /
• 제32권4호
• /
• pp.211-215
• /
• 2008

The HMG box containing protein (HBP) has a high mobility group domain and involved in the regulation of proliferation and differentiation of tissues. We screened HBP2 in glioblastoma using Suppression Subtractive Hybridization (SSH) and isolated human spermatogonial stem cell-like cells (hSSC-like cells) derived from patients of nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA). Expression of HBP2 was analyzed by RT-PCR in undifferentiated stem cells (human Embryonic Stem Cells, hSSC-like cells 2P) and spontaneous differentiated stem cells (hSSC-like cells 4P). It was overexpressed in hESC and hSSC-like cells 2P but not in hSSC-like cells 4P. Also, the expression level of HBP2 was downregulated in colon tumor tissues compared to normal tissues. Specifically in synchronized WI-38 cells, HBP2 was highly upregulated until the G1 phase of the cell cycle and gradually decreased during the S phase. Our results suggest that HBP2 was downregulated during the spontaneous differentiation of hSSC-like cells. HBP2 was differently expressed in colon tissues and was related to G1-progression in WI-38 cells. It may playa role in the maintenance of an undifferentiated hSSC-like cell state and transits from G1 to S in WI-38 cells. This research was important that it identified a biomarker for an undifferentiated state of hSSC-like cells and characterized its involvement to arrest during cell cycle in colon cancer.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
• /
• 제39권2호
• /
• pp.58-67
• /
• 2012

Objective: Previously, we identified that transketolase (Tkt), an important enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway, is highly expressed at 2 hours of spontaneous maturation in oocytes. Therefore, this study was performed to determine the function of Tkt in meiotic cell cycle regulation, especially at the point of germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD). Methods: We evaluated the loss-of-function of Tkt by microinjecting Tkt double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) into germinal vesicle-stage oocytes, and the oocytes were cultured in vitro to evaluate phenotypic changes during oocyte maturation. In addition to maturation rates, meiotic spindle and chromosome rearrangements, and changes in expression of other enzymes in the pentose phosphate pathway were determined after Tkt RNA interference (RNAi). Results: Despite the complete and specific knockdown of Tkt expression, GVBD occurred and meiosis was arrested at the metaphase I (MI) stage. The arrested oocytes exhibited spindle loss, chromosomal aggregation, and declined maturation promoting factor and mitogen-activated protein kinase activities. The modified expression of two enzymes in the pentose phosphate pathway, Prps1 and Rbks, after Tkt RNAi and decreased maturation rates were amended when ribose-5-phosphate was supplemented in the culture medium, suggesting that the Tkt and pentose phosphate pathway are important for the maturation process. Conclusion: We concluded that Tkt and its associated pentose phosphate pathway play an important role in the MI-MII transition of the oocytes' meiotic cell cycle, but not in the process of GVBD.

• 한국인구학
• /
• 제26권2호
• /
• pp.111-145
• /
• 2003

이 연구는 개혁개방정책 이후 중국 내 조선족이 보인 사회인구학적 행태의 변화를 설명하기 위한 것이다. 시장경제체제의 도입과 한중 국교수립 이후 조선족사회는 출산력수준의 급격한 저하와 인구구조의 고령화로 매우 급격한 변화를 겪고 있다. 조선족의 인구행태와 인구구조의 이러한 변화는 한족에 비해 두드러지게 나타난다. 중국 내 조선족인구가 가장 밀집되어 거주하고 있는 연변지역의 조선족사회는 최근 절대인구규모의 감소추세를 보이고 있다. 아울러 시장경제의 도입 이후 이동성향이 높아지고 통혼권과 거주지역이 확산되며. 조선족학교를 통한 민족교육이 급격히 위축되는 추세를 보인다. 그리고 이에 따라 조선족사회의 사회적 통합과 문화정체성이 약화되고 중국 내 소수민족사회로서의 위상도 점차 약화되는 과정에 있다. 연변 조선족사회의 사회인구학적 변화와 위기상황에 대한 설명을 위해 이 연구는 연변조선족자치주의 1990년과 2000년 인구센서스 자료와 각종 통계자료를 활용하였다. 또한, 이 연구에서는 인구센서스를 통하여 드러난 조선족인구의 연령구조가 매우 불규칙적이라는 점을 감안하여 1990년과 2000년 인구센서스 자료의 신뢰성과 정확도를 재검토하는 작업도 이루어졌다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
• /
• 제44권1호
• /
• pp.15-21
• /
• 2017

Objective: The aims of this study were to investigate whether fertilization could induce the resumption of meiosis in mouse oocytes arrested at metaphase I (MI) after in vitro maturation (IVM), and to investigate the effect of $Ca^{2+}$ chelator treatment at the time of fertilization on the transition from MI to metaphase II (MII). Methods: MII-stage and arrested MI-stage mouse oocytes after IVM were fertilized, and then embryonic development was monitored. Blastocysts from each group were transferred into 2.5 days post-coitum pseudo-pregnant ICR mice. MI oocytes after IVM were treated with a $Ca^{2+}$ chelator to investigate the effect of $Ca^{2+}$ oscillations on their maturation. Results: As insemination time increased, the number of oocytes in the MI group that reached the MII stage also increased. The blastocyst rates and total cell numbers in the MII group were significantly higher than in the MI group. No pregnancy occurred in the MI group, but 10 pregnancies were achieved (10 of 12) in the MII group. The proportion of MI oocytes that matured to MII oocytes after fertilization was significantly higher in the non-treated group than in the $Ca^{2+}$ chelator-treated group. Conclusion: The findings that a higher proportion of MI-arrested oocytes progressed to MII after fertilization and that the MI-to-MII transition was blocked by $Ca^{2+}$ chelator treatments before fertilization indicate that the maturation of MI oocytes to MII oocytes is associated with intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ oscillations driven by fertilization.

• 대한간호학회지
• /
• 제29권6호
• /
• pp.1263-1272
• /
• 1999

This study was alone to identify the meaning and the essence of the menopause experience by means of the Colaizzi’s phenomenological method. The participants were eight women, 48-60 years old, who were experiencing perimenopause or postmenopause. They were selected using a theoretical sampling technique. Data were collected through in-depth interviews from April 6 to May 20, 1999. The interviews took from 40 to 90 minutes. Interviews were tape- recorded and analyzed using the constant comparative method. Significant statements from data were extracted. From these formulated meanings, 18 themes, 8 clusters of themes and 3 catagories were constructed. Final descriptions were found to be valid through the interviewee validation process. Essential themes of the menopausal experience which emerged were “coming of change”, “inclined to deny the in mind”, and “adapted life”. Menopause, as coming of change was the turning point in the women’s life cycle acompaning changes, in body and mind and marital life changes. Especially, the unpredictable menopausal changes were an opportunity to hide the fact of menopause and not to talk with anybody. Such a phenomenon reflected on the psychological attributes of menopausal woman such as an inclination to deny in the mind. Their experiences of menopause as adapted life were generally regarded as signalling the end of fertility and were interpreted as a natural developmental process that indicates a life transition. In conclusion, participants depicted the menopause as a natural stage in the life cycle. In order to help women have a positive life change and self accomplishment, nurses need to understand the essential themes of the menopausal experience. Thus, the importance of an open approach in eliciting the phenomena of menopause cannot be overemphasized. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that exercise program is one of the effective interventions to improve the self-efficacy and also to lower the fatigue in the sample of female college students.

• 한국수정란이식학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국수정란이식학회 2002년도 국제심포지엄
• /
• pp.98-98
• /
• 2002

Recruitment of primordial follicles(PMF) is crucial for female fertility. however, factors and mechanisms that regulate this process is poorly understood. The present study was conducted to obtain an inclusive view of the gene expression and to identify novel factors and their pathways of regulating PMF arrest and/or growth initiation. Ovaries from one-day neonatal(consists of oocyte and PMF) and five-day old(consists of PMF and primary follicles, PRIF) mice were collected, either total RNA or mRNA was isolated, and suppression subtractive hybridization(SSH) was used to isolate and clone genes that differentially expressed in day 1 and day 5 ovaries. Confirmation that some of these genes are differentially expressed in PMF and/or in PRIF was accomplished by using laser captured microdissection(LCM), RT-PCR. in situ hybridization(ISH) and/or immunohistochemistry(IHC). In toto, 357 clones were sequenced and analyzed by BLAST and RIKEN program. Sequences of 330 clones significantly matched database entries while 27 clones were novel. Forty-two and 47 different genes were identified as differentially expressed in day 1 and day 5 ovaries, respectively, while 7 genes were expressed in both stages of ovaries. Day 5-subtracted library included several genes known as markers far growing follicles, such as ZP2, MATER, and fetuin. Among the genes with assigned functions, 23.8% was associated with cell cycle/apoptosis regulation, 7.1% with cellular structure, 11.9% with metabolism, 26.2% with signal transduction, and 31.0% with gene/protein expression in day 1; while 10.6%, 17.0%, 23.5%, 25.5%, and 23.4% in day 5, respectively. Genes such as GDF-8, Lats2, Septin2, and Weel were the highly expressed genes in PMF, while HSP84, Laminin2, MATER, MTi7, PTP, and Wrn were highly expressed genes in PRIF. We have successfully discovered list of genes expressed in day 1 and day 5 ovaries and confirmed that some of them are differentially expressed in PMF and/or PRIF. Gene expression profile from the present study would provide insight for the future study on the mechanism(s) involved in primordial-primary follicular transition. This work was Supported by Korean Health 21 RND Project, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Korea (01-PJ10-PG6-01GN13-0002).

• 한국인구학
• /
• 제22권2호
• /
• pp.197-220
• /
• 1999

급격한 사회변동을 경험하고 있는 한국사회가 인구변천의 마지막 단계에 진입하면서 인구관련분야의 정책의 핵심은 출산과 인구통제에서 노령인구의 문제로 옮겨지고 있다. 최근들어 국가가 자가부양(self-care)이나 가족부양(family care)을 보완하기 위해서는 공적 서비스(public service)가 확대되어야 한다는 주장들이 강조됨에 따라 노인부양규범이나 공적 서비스(public service)가 확대되어야 한다는 주장들이 강조됨에 따라 노인부양규범이나 의식의 현황 및 변환에 관한 이해의 필요성이 증대되고 있다. 본 연구는 1994년 보건사회연구원이 실시한 <노인생활실태조사>를 이용하여 노부모들이 어느 정도로 가족, 자신 그리고 국가를 바람직한 노후생활의 부양원으로 보는가를 알아 보고 있다. 다항로짓 모형에 근거한 분석결과에 의하면, 아들이 없는 노부모인 경우 가족이 노인을 부양해야 한다는 전통적인 견해가 약하고, 경제나 건강상 여건이 좋은 노인일수록 자가부양의 견해가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 경제적으로 열악한 상황에 있거나 건강상태가 양호하지 않은 노인들이 국가의 책임을 강조한다고 가정한 가설은 본 연구결과 지지 받지 못했다. 본 연구의 목적은 정책적 함의나 추후연구를 위한 제안 등은 결론에서 다루어지고 있다.

• 한국인구학
• /
• 제8권1호
• /
• pp.47-65
• /
• 1985

Three stages of population growth during last forty years affected differently to the labor force and employment in Korea. The first impact of rapid population growth on the labor force occured after the end of World War II. Sudden growth of population due to repartriation and refugees directly increased the labor force. Deteriorating labor market conditions were caused not only by the explosive labor supply but also by the shortage of employment opportunities due to a lack of productive facilities. This severe excess supply of labor continued until the early 196Os. Population growth in the second stage which caused by high fertility during the post Korean War baby boom period induced an eventual increase in the labor supply with time lag of more than fifteen years. Younger persons born during baby boom period were flooded the labor market. Fortunately, job opportunities were expanded more rapidly than the labor force supply because high rates of economic growth and speedy industrialization were continued until the later half of 1970s. Unemployment, therefore, decreased dramatically during this period. The effect of third stage which is characterized as mitigated population growth due to birth control has appeared in the labor market since late 1970s. The growth rate of labor force has been going down and the proportion of younger workers was also been decreasing. From the early 1980s, furthermore, partial disharmony between supply of and demand for the younger workers is closing up. Less educated younger workers who works at low wage are lacking while more educated youngers who want to work at high wage are being excess, because a lot of younger prefer higher education rather than productive job. It is expected that the structural inharmony will be diversified in the future in Korea. The labor force will be changed to middleaged, highly educated and womenized till year 2000, and, after then, to old-aged. On the demand side, industries and jobs will transferred to be labor-saving and soft. These structural changes of labor supply and demand will not matching in time. Aggregate supply of labor force will be steadily increasing more rapidly than aggregate demand for labor until year 2000, and this trend will continue to the first one or two decades of the 2lth century because the persons born dufing the baby boom pariod are being eligible couples in recent. Therefore, conclusion is that appropriate manpower development policy as well as sustained birth control policy is necessary for harmonizing the structural unbalance and the disequilibrium between aggregate labor supply and demand in the future.

• 한국작물학회지
• /
• 제36권3호
• /
• pp.280-285
• /
• 1991

우리나라 고대농업과 기술을 형성하는 데 직접간접으로 기간역할을 해 왔던 고대중국의 도작기술은, 이미 한전농법과 농본관(정신)을 기원전에 완성하였으며, 특히 심경과 정수 및 토양비옥도 유지를 위한 경전법을 중심으로 도작기술이 발전되었고, 따라서 이앙법, 정조식 심종법, 철제농기구 사용, 수리를 위한 피당 축조기술이 앞섰고, 다양한 지역에서 재해를 회피하거나 다양한 용도의 품질공급을 위하여 벼 품종의 분화가 잘이루어져 왔다. 또한 중국농업의 발상지가 화북이었기 때문에 인희지광의 특성에 맞는 조방적 도작기술로서 화경수누법과 세역법이 태동되었고, 한무제와 ‘참위’학자들의 음역오행설이 농업관과 연계되면서 파종이나 작목선택에 대한 기술이 만술적으로 발달한 경향도 있었다. AD 6세기경의 $\ulcorner$제민요술$\lrcorner$부터 14세기의 왕복 $\ulcorner$농서$\lrcorner$에 이르기까지 도작기술은 지속적, 상가적으로 분화발달되어 왔으나 원대 이후에는 정체된 경향이었다. 이 시점에서 우리나라의 여말 농업과 $\ulcorner$농사직설$\lrcorner$시대가 시작되었다.

• 한국작물학회지
• /
• 제37권2호
• /
• pp.209-215
• /
• 1992

도전의 분양법은 세역위양이었던 중국의 고대농법에서와 달리, 이미 우리나라는 여말에 상경화하였으며, 두과작물의 녹비이용법과 함께 분전법의 실현에 앞서 분종법이나 분과법이 순차적으로 진전되고 있었다. 이러한 상태에서 15세기에 이르러 $\ulcorner$직설$\lrcorner$의 도전분전법은 재료를 객토류, 초본류, 분류로 확대분화시켰고 초경과 재경 사이에 시비토록 하되 토양조건이 특수한 도전에는 각각 적의한 시비법을 별도를 기술하였다. 또한 묘종법의 도전에서는 분묘처(못자리)와 묘종처(본답)의 시비술로 나누어 전문화시켰고, 개간지에서는 기경작업과 병행시키는 유기물 환원방식이 체계화 되어 있었다. 17세기에 이르러서는 $\ulcorner$직설보$\lrcorner$를 통하여 경상도의 속방을 체계화시켜 조도앙기처의 분양술을 완성시켰다. 여기에서 특기할 것은 분회, 요회 및 퇴비제조술과 사용법이었다. 18-19세기에는 황지회복과 수전이모작 확대를 지원하기 위한 지방보강법으로 시비재료를 최대한 확대하고 저분법과 추비법을 강조하였으며, 시비이론과 함께 작업능률을 높이기 위한 수레 이용이 강조되기도 하였다. 이상으로 보아 도전분양에 있어서는 분원재료상의 제약을 타파하고 추비체계를 확립시켰으며, 저분법과 함께 다비의 필요성에 대한 이론과 인식을 새롭게 하는 방향으로 발전되어 왔다.