• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.135-138
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• 1995

Soybean meal was fermented by Aspergillus usami in order to reduce phytate content. Aflatoxin B1 was not detected in the fermented soybean meal. The contents of crude protein, crude fiber, ether extract and crude ash were slightly increased following fermentation with a concomitant reduction in nitrogen free extract. Though the fermentation partly degraded proteins in the soybean meal, there was small difference in amino acid composition between the soybean meal and the fermented soybean meal. The results showed that the fermentation did not affect nutritional value of protein in soybean meal. Approximately 55% of phosphorus extracted by trichloroacetic acid was inositol hexaphosphate (phytate) in the soybean meal. The content of inositol tetra to hexaphosphates was not detected in the fermented soybean meal. These results indicated that the fermentation almost completely eliminated phytate in soybean meal. Phytase activity was not detected in the unfermented soybean meal. However, the enzyme activity in the fermented soybean meal was 167.7 U/g. When the fermented soybean meal in supplemented in formula feeds, phytase in the fermented soybean meal might partly degrade the phytate in other ingredients in the digestive tract. The fermented soybean meal is possibly used as a phytate-free protein source of feed, which contains high available phosphorus.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.21-31
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• 2021

Yeast strains are capable of hydrolyzing non-digestible saccharides, such as melibiose, raffinose, and stachyose, found in soy meal components. This study revealed the biochemical properties of fermented soybean meal during 72 hours with kefir. Starchyose and raffinose, non-digestible components, were almost digested in kefir 150 mL + soybean meal 500 g + water 70 mL and galactose was produced. Proteolysis of the soybean meal produced most of the small molecule peptides in kefir 150 mL + soybean meal 500 g + water 70 mL. The production of the vitamin B group and C were the highest in kefir 250 mL + soybean meal 500 g. The yeast number of the fermented soybean meal was 7.0 × 10⁶ CFU·mL^-1 which was the highest in kefir 250 mL + soybean meal 500 g. The lactic acid bacteria of the fermented soybean meal was the highest at 3.5 × 10⁹ CFU·mL^-1 in kefir 70 mL + soybean meal 500 g. The antioxidant effect was the highest at 57% in kefir 250 mL + soybean meal 500 g. Expression of inflammation-related cytokine (interleukin [IL]-1β, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, and interleukin [IL]-6) was significantly inhibited in fermented soybean meals with different treatments. These results suggest that fermented soybean meal by kefir has an antiinflammatory and anti-oxidation activity and could be utilized in feed manufacturing, and inhydrolyzing non-digestible soy meal components.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2020

A nutrition study on weaned pigs using fermented soybean meal was done to determine the effect on growth performance, nutrients digestibility, blood profile and fecal microflora. A total of 100 weaning pigs with an initial average body weight (BW) of 8.27 ± 1.10 kg were randomly allotted into 1 of 2 dietary treatments in a 6-week feeding trial. There were 10 replicate pens in each treatment with 5 pigs per pen. The dietary treatments included: 1) control: Basal diet (CON); 2) fermented soybean meal (FSBM): Basal diet supplemented with 5% fermented soybean meal. The average daily feed intake (ADFI) was significantly improved (p < 0.05) with the dietary supplementation of the FSBM compared with the control meal during phase 2. The dietary supplementation with 5% FSBM had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on gain to feed ratio (G : F) during the overall experiment period. Collectively, the results of this study indicate that dietary supplementation of 5% fermented soybean meal improved the body weight and average daily gain (ADG), ADFI, and feed efficiency of the weaning pigs; however, there were no supplementation effects on total tract digestibility of dry matter (DM), nitrogen, energy, blood profile and fecal microflora.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.12
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• pp.1734-1741
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• 2012

This trial was performed to study the effects of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with fermented rapeseed meal (RSM) on growth performance, serum biochemistry variable and intestinal morphology of broilers. A total of 640 d-old Arbor Acres broiler chicks were randomly allocated to 4 dietary treatments, 4 pens per treatment and 40 birds per pen for a 6-wk feeding trial. In the four treatment groups, fermented RSM replaced soybean meal at 0, 5, 10, and 15%, respectively. On 21 d and 42 d, two birds from each pen were randomly selected and slaughtered. Blood samples and sections of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were collected for measurement of serum biochemical variables and intestinal morphology, respectively. Results showed that body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion (FC) were significantly (p<0.01) poorer for birds fed the 15% fermented RSM diet than those fed with 0, 5 and 10% fermented RSM diets during all periods. Compared with 0 and 5% fermented RSM groups, IgG content in the serum of birds in 10 and 15% fermented RSM groups was improved (p<0.01) urea nitrogen content of serum was reduced (p<0.01) during both growing and finishing periods. However, IgM, phosphorus and calcium levels increased (p<0.05) only during the growing period. Increased (p<0.05) villus height was observed in the duodenum and jejunum of broilers fed the diet with 10% fermented RSM. In addition, villus height to crypt depth ratio in the jejunum was significantly higher (p<0.01) for birds fed the diet with 10% fermented RSM than for those fed diets with 0, 5 and 15% fermented RSM. The present results suggest that RSM fermented with Lactobacillus fermentum and Bacillus subtilis is a promising alternative protein source and that it could be safely used replace up to 10% SBM in broiler diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.678-684
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• 2011

A trial was performed to study the effects of feeding a diet containing solid-state fermentation rapeseed meal (FRSM) replaced soybean meal (SBM) on growth performance and serum biochemistry parameters of ducks and then to determine the appropriate proportion of soybean meal replacement. The 75% rapeseed meal and 25% blood meal were mixed and inoculated with the Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacillus subtilis. Over the 21-day fermentation, isothiocyanates were reduced from 72.7 to 14.1 mmol/kg. A total of 1,280 fifteen-day-old Cherry Valley ducks were randomly allocated into 4 dietary treatments, 4 replicate groups of 80 ducks each for a 30-day feeding trial. In four treatment groups, fermentation rapeseed meal replaced soybean meal at 0, 33, 67 or 100%, respectively. Results showed that feed intake of ducks fed 100% FRSM was greater (p<0.05) than SBM and partial FRSM in both the finishing period (31-45 d) and entire feeding period (15-45 d). Daily gain increased gradually in the three treatment groups with augmenting FRSM over in the whole study period. In the growing period (15-30 d), compared with the SBM group, phosphorus and calcium content in serum from the FRSM group was improved (p<0.05). Total protein concentration was lower in ducks fed 100% FRSM than SBM and 33% FRSM (p<0.05). Concentrations of IgM were dramatically higher for animals fed 100% FRSM than in the SBM, 33% FRSM and 67% FRSM groups. In the finishing trail stage (31-45 d), only serum IgG content in 100% FRSM group was improved (p<0.05). Therefore, rapeseed meal fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacillus subtilis is a promising alternative protein source and fermented rapeseed meal can completely replace soybean meal in duck diet and potentially reduce the cost of duck production.

• Proceedings of the Korean Aquaculture Society Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.73-73
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• 2003

This study was carried out to evaluate the utilization of fermented skipjack tuna viscera (FSTV) in the diet for juvenile abalone Haliotis discus hannai. Lactobacillus bulgaricus was used for fermentation of skipjack tuna viscera. Eight isonitrogenous (about 30% crude protein) diets were formulated to include different levels (0%, 10%, 20% and 30%) of FSTV as a replacer of either dietary fish meal or soybean meal. Three replicate groups of abalone were fed the experimental diets containing different levels of FSTV for 7 weeks. The inclusion of FSTV up to 30% in fish meal-based diet had no significant effect on survival, body weight, shell growth, and proximate composition of abalone (P>0.05). Weight gain of abalone fed the diet substituting 10% FSTV for soybean meal was not significantly different to that of abalone fed the control diet, however this value decreased in abalone fed the 20% and 30% FSTV (P<0.05).The contents of crude protein and lipid of soft body in abalone fed soybean meal-based diets were significantly affected by dietary FSTV level (P<0.05). The results of this study indicate that FSTV can be used as a partial substitute protein source for fish meal or soybean meal in the formulated diet for juvenile abalone.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.376-382
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• 2014

This study determined the level of fermented soybean meal (FSM) that could be substituted for fish meal in the diet for parrot fish Oplegnathus fasciatus. Fish meal (FM) was used the sole protein source in the control diet. FSM was substituted for 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% of the fish meal in the experimental diets. The FSM resulted in increased crude protein, crude fat, and crude ash, but decreased crude fiber. The methionine and tryptophan contents in the FSM increased, while lysine and threonine decreased. The 18:2n-6 fatty acid content decreased from 55.30% to 28.67%. Fermentation increased 20:5n-3 (EPA) and 22:6n-3 (DHA) by 2.03% and 15.54%, respectively, although the differences were not significant. Based on growth performance, we concluded that FSM could replace up to 60% of FM for the maximum growth of juvenile parrot fish.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.93-102
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• 2022

This study was conducted to evaluation the effects of dietary soybean meal (SBM) and fermented soybean meal (FSBM) on the growth performance of Korean native cattle as Hanwoo calves (Bos taurus coreanae) and Holstein cows. In total, 16 calves three to four months old (Control group, SBM: 5 males and 3 females, average weight 105.7 kg; Experimental group, FSBM: 5 males and 3 females, average weight 103.7 kg) were fed 5% of the feed amount for 53 days. In terms of growth performance outcomes, the average gain body weight was significantly higher in the FSBM group than in the SBM group in the final fattening period. The average daily gain in body weight (ADGBW) for the FSBM group was higher than that of the SBM group in the final fattening period. The average gain body weight in four months for FSBM was higher than that at three months in the final fattening period. Diarrhea incidence for FSBM was significantly decreased compared to that in the SBM group in the six-week period after weaning. These results indicate that dietary FSBM can improve the growth rate and health condition during the calving period. Holstein cows fed fermented soybean meal had higher milk urea nitrogen levels and decreased somatic cell counts compared to those fed SBM. These results may be closely related with the increased average daily gain body weight associated with dietary FSBM.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.598-606
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• 2010

This study investigated the nutritional quality of soybean meal (SBM) fermented by Aspergillus ($FSBM_A$) and/or followed by Lactobacillus fermentation ($FSBM_{A+L}$). Both fermented products significantly improved protein utilization of SBM with higher trichloroacetic acid (TCA) soluble true protein content, in vitro protein digestibility and available lysine content, especially in $FSBM_{A+L}$. Moreover, $FSBM_{A+L}$ produced a huge amount of lactic acid resulting in lower pH as compared to the unfermented SBM or soybean protein concentrate (SPC) (p<0.05). $FSBM_A$ and $FSBM_{A+L}$ raised 4.14% and 9.04% of essential amino acids and 5.38% and 9.37% of non-essential amino acids content, respectively. The ${\alpha}$-galactoside linkage oligosaccharides such as raffinose and stachyose content in $FSBM_A$ and $FSBM_{A+L}$ decreased significantly. The results of soluble protein fractions and distribution showed that the ratio of small protein fractions (<16 kDa) were 42.6% and 63.5% for $FSBM_A$ and $FSBM_{A+L}$, respectively, as compared to 7.2% for SBM, where the ratio of large size fractions (>55 kDa, mainly ${\beta}$-conglycinin) decreased to 9.4%, 5.4% and increased to 38.8%, respectively. There were no significant differences in ileal protein digestibility regardless of treatment groups. SPC inclusion in the diet showed a better protein digestibility than the SBM diet. In summary, soybean meal fermented by Aspergillus, especially through the consequent Lactobacillus fermentation, could increase the nutritional value as compared with unfermented SBM and is compatible with SPC.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.815-822
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• 2005

In order to extend the shelf-life of packaged or coated foods, an antibacterial edible film was developed from soybean meal that had been fermented with Bacillus subtilis under the optimum condition of pH 7.0-7.5 and $33^{\circ}C$ for 33 h. The water vapor permeability of the fermented film ($86.0 mg/cm^2{\cdot}h$) was higher than those of normal soybean films ($66.9 mg/cm^2{\cdot}h$). Protein solubility of the fermented film was also higher than ordinary soy protein film at the pH range of 3 -10. The fermented soybean film had higher tensile strength and lower $\%$ elongation (elongation rate) than the ordinary soybean film, mainly because partial hydrolysis of proteins in the soybean film occurred during fermentation. Antimicrobial properties of the fermented film on foodstuffs were measured by placing the films on surime, jerked beef, and mashed sausage media; containing $10^2-10^3$ CFU/plate of foodborne pathogenic bacteria, and showed significantly higher inhibitory effects on the growths of all the indicating bacteria. The film could be used as a packaging material in the food industry. However, before direct application of the fermented film to the commercial food industry, its poor mechanical and antibacterial properties need to be improved.