• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2011

Rice alcoholic beverages, cheongju and beopju, which are recorded in "Koryodokyung", "Koryosageolyo", and "Koryosa", were used in national and royal ceremonies, and yakju was used in the Palgwanhoi ritual. In the late $11^{th}$century, King Munjong imported hwaju and haenginjabeopju from the royal family of the Song Dynasty. Alcoholic beverages in the early $12^{th}$century included the medical use for kings, such as gyehyangeoju, which the Emperor of the Song Dynasty sent to King Yejong, baekjainju, which was sent to King Myeongjong for his health, and yangju, which is goat milk fermented alcohol from the nomads in the northern regions. In the early$13^{th}$ century there was also dongrak, which is a horse-milk fermented alcohol, grape wine sent from Yuan to King Chungryeol in the late $13^{th}$ century, and sangjonju, a type of special cheongju sent from Yuan in the early $14^{th}$ century. Baekju from Yuan was recorded in oral traditions, which suggests that soju, which is distilled cheongju, was consumed in the late $14^{th}$ century. Gold and silver wares for alcoholic beverages had important political, social, and economic meanings as national gifts to other countries and internally as the king's royal gift to his subjects. In the late $14^{th}$ century, soju was prohibited, and the use of gold and silver wares for alcoholic beverages was banned at the same time. This study examined the historical characteristics of the use of traditional rice alcoholic beverages, the emotional preference for foreign alcoholic beverages, and the gold and silver wares used for alcoholic beverages Koryo Dynasty.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.289-297
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• 2015

Ethyl carbamate (EC) classified as a probable human carcinogen (Group 2A) is naturally formed in alcoholic beverages and fermented foods during fermentation process and/or during storage. The objective of this study was to analyze EC in 34 food items including 14 alcoholic beverages and 20 fermented foods sold in Korea. Each food was collected from 18 supermarkets in 9 metropolitan cities in Korea, and then made into composite. According to food composition and alcohol content, samples were divided into four matrices such as apple juice, milk, Soju (liquor containing about 20% alcohol), and rice porridge. The maximum EC value of $151.06{\mu}g/kg$ was found in Maesilju (liquor made from Maesil and Soju). Whisky and Bokbunjaju (Korean black raspberry wine) contained $9.90{\mu}g/kg$ and $6.30{\mu}g/kg$, respectively. EC was not detected in other alcoholic beverages. Of 20 fermented foods, Japanese-style soy sauce had highest level of $15.59{\mu}g/kg$ and traditional one contained $4.18{\mu}g/kg$. Soybean paste had $1.18{\mu}g/kg$, however, EC was not found in other fermented foods.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.480-483
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• 2006

Ethyl carbamate, a by-product produced naturally during fermentation and contained in fermented foods and beverages, is a carcinogen. Thus, due to the high consumption of alcoholic beverages in Korea, the ethyl carbamate concentrations in popular alcoholic beverages were determined, and the daily intake of ethyl carbamate through alcoholic beverages was estimated. The major Korean alcoholic beverages, Soju, beer, and Takju, with the highest market share were sampled and their ethyl carbamate concentrations determined by GC/MS/SIM. The ranges of ethyl carbamate contained in Soju, beer, and Takju was 0.83-10.07, 0.45-0.77, and 0.40-0.93 ppb, respectively. These results and data on the average daily intake of alcoholic beverages were then used to calculate the average and maximum estimated daily intakes (EDI) of ethyl carbamate through alcoholic beverages. As a result, a relatively high EDI of ethyl carbamate through alcoholic beverages was found for Korean males over 30 years old, indicating the need to reduce the ethyl carbamate content in alcoholic beverages.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.81-92
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• 1998

The pharmaceutical effects of non-alcoholic berverages made made in Limwonsibyukgi were studied. The type of beverage in Limwonsibyukgi were Tang(boiled herb extract), Ta(tea analog with/ without green tea), Jang(lactic acid fermented beverage), Galsoo and Suksoo. Most receipes for these beverages included boiling leaves, seeds, grains of grasses, trees and cereal, and adding honey and sugar as a sweetener, Each beverage has a pharmaceutical action : thirst elimination, enhancement of physical activity, and treatment of several diseases.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.235-239
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• 2012

This research was conducted to monitor ochratoxin A in wine, beer, $makgeolli$ and fermented alcoholic beverages to estimate the exposure to ochratoxin A in the assorted alcoholic beverages. The analytical method for ochratoxin A was based on immuno-affinity column clean up followed by HPLC-FLD. Ochratoxin A was detected in 30 samples of 177 wine (17%), 25 samples of 106 beer (23.6%), 11 samples of 74 $makgeolli$ (14.9%), and 7 samples of 74 fermented alcoholic beverages (9.5%). The average levels of ochratoxin A were 0.039 ng/mL in wine, 0.010 ng/mL in beer, 0.023 ng/mL in $makgeolli$, and 0.014 ng/mL in fermented alcoholic beverages. The daily dietary exposure level of ochratoxin A estimated by using the report on national health and nutrition survey were 0.039 ng/b.w.day from wine, 0.010 ng/b.w.day from beer, 0.023 ng/b.w.day from $makgeolli$, and 0.014 ng/b.w.day from fermented alcoholic beverage.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.1961-1967
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• 2006

Levels of ethyl carbamate, a potential carcinogen produced naturally during fermentation, in major Korean fermented foods and alcoholic beverages were determined by GC/MS/SIM, and their average daily intake and excess cancer risk in Korean people were estimated. In GC/MS/SIM analysis n.d.-4.26, 1.40-58.90, n.d.-3.76, n.d.-1.87, and 0.40-10.07 $\mu$g/kg of ethyl carbamate were detected in kimchi, soy sauces, fermented pastes, fermented dairy products, and alcoholic beverages, respectively. The average daily intake of ethyl carbamate and excess cancer risk through major Korean fermented foods and alcoholic beverage consumption were 6.0 ng/kg bw/day and $3.0\times10^{-7}$, respectively for the average Korean person aged 3-64 years, and were mainly contributed by Chinese cabbage kimchi, soy sauces, and Soju.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.324-334
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• 2020

Objectives: This study was conducted to estimate the related health risk by investigating the content of biogenic amines (BAs) in commercial fermented alcoholic beverages. Methods: Ninety-seven samples, including takjus (34), fruit wines (26), distilled liquors (20) and beers (17) were purchased in Gangwon-do (Province) in 2019. The eight BAs (putrescine, cadaverine, spermine, spermidine, tyramine, β-phenylethylamine, histamine, and tryptamine) were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) after extraction (0.4 M HClO₄), pigment removal (carbon cartridge) and derivatization (1% dansylchloride). The health risk of exposure to BAs due to ingestion of commercial fermented alcoholic beverages was estimated as the margin of exposure (MOE). Results: Various BAs were detected in takju, fruit wine, distilled liquor and beer. Putrescine (not detected (ND)-12.60 mg/L), cadaverine (ND-5.45 mg/L), tyramine (ND-8.34 mg/L), β-phenylethylamine (ND-13.73 mg/L), histamine (ND-7.96 mg/L), and tryptamine (ND-19.00 mg/L) were found in takju. Putrescine (ND-15.34 mg/L), cadaverine (ND-7.90 mg/L), β-phenylethylamine (ND-3.06 mg/L), histamine (ND-9.68 mg/L), and tryptamine (ND-14.06 mg/L) were identified in fruit wine. Putrescine (less than limit of detection (

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 2015.11a
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• pp.39-39
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• 2015

Korean traditional Nuruk has been developed with various materials and shapes according to geographical environments and climates of their origins. Nuruk is also known as kokja in Korea, reflecting the understanding that microorganisms such as wild fungi, yeasts, and lactobacillus bacteria are naturally inoculated and reproduced. The objective of this study is to identify the characteristics of traditional Nuruk through recreating traditional production methods detailed in ancient Korean documents. In the present study, a total of 58 different kinds of Korean traditional Nuruk were prepared, including 46 kinds of recreated products. Each Nuruk sample was evaluated for its enzymatic activities, including glucoamylase, protease, and glucanase. Their suitability for alcoholic beverage production were compared to each other. To isolate valuable microorganisms from Nuruk samples, alcoholic beverages produced using each sample were subjected to sensory evaluation to determine their taste. In addition, metabolite changes in traditional alcoholic beverages fermented with different kinds of Nuruk were analyzed through mass-based metabolomics approach. This study presents, for the first time, the traditional production methods written in ancient Korean documents using workable production methods supported by modern technologies. In addition, this study analyzed the characteristics of reproduced Nuruk. It could be utilized as a basis for studying traditional Korean traditional alcoholic beverages and their valuable microorganisms.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.975-980
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• 2007

Determination of ethyl carbamate content in imported alcoholic beverages in Korea and an exposure assessment were conducted. In gas chromatography/mass spectrometry/selected ion monitoring (GC/MS/SIM) analysis, 2.5-39, 8-263, 6.3-112, 11.3-23.5, 53-94, 8.5-38.5, 7-9.5, 21.3-31.5, 5-832.5, and $10.5-364.8\;{\mu}g/L$ of ethyl carbamate were detected in imported beers, sakes, whiskies, vodkas, Chinese liquors, cognacs, tequilas, rums, liqueurs, and wines, respectively. The exposure assessment indicated that the exposure of Korean adults to ethyl carbamate were lower than 20 ng/kg BW per day, (the virtual safe dose) indicating that the amount of ethyl carbamate exposed through fermented food and alcoholic beverages including imported products are currently in the 'no significant risk level'. However, the present low exposure to ethyl carbamate through the imported alcoholic products was not due to the low contents of ethyl carbamate in imported products, but low consumption of the imported products. Therefore, given increasing importation of alcoholic beverages in Korea, reductions of ethyl carbamate content in imported alcoholic beverages, especially non-distilled products, should be required by regulating limits on the ethyl carbamate content in the imported alcoholic beverages.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.208-220
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• 2016

Purpose: Fusel oil is a potent volatile aroma compound found in many alcoholic beverages. At low concentrations, it makes an essential contribution to the flavor and aroma of fermented alcoholic beverages, while at high concentrations, it induced an off-flavor and is thought to cause undesirable side effects. In this work, we introduce Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy as a rapid and nondestructive technique for the quantitative determination of fusel oil in the Korean alcoholic beverage "soju". Methods: FT-NIR transmittance spectra in the 1000-2500 nm region were collected for 120 soju samples with fusel oil concentrations ranging from 0 to 1400 ppm. The calibration and validation data sets were designed using data from 75 and 45 samples, respectively. The net analyte signal (NAS) was used as a preprocessing method before the application of the partial least-square regression (PLSR) and principal component regression (PCR) methods for predicting fusel oil concentration. A novel variable selection method was adopted to determine the most informative spectral variables to minimize the effect of nonmodeled interferences. Finally, the efficiency of the developed technique was evaluated with two different validation sets. Results: The results revealed that the NAS-PLSR model with selected variables ($R^2_{\upsilon}=0.95$, RMSEV = 100ppm) did not outperform the NAS-PCR model (($R^2_{\upsilon}=0.97$, RMSEV = 7 8.9ppm). In addition, the NAS-PCR shows a better recovery for validation set 2 and a lower relative error for validation set 3 than the NAS-PLSR model. Conclusion: The experimental results indicate that the proposed technique could be an alternative to conventional methods for the quantitative determination of fusel oil in alcoholic beverages and has the potential for use in in-line process control.