• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.83-87
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• 1981

To use of industrial wastes as sources of fertilizer, the waste materials from 75 factories through-out the country were collected and analyzed. The wastes from fermentation, paper manufacture, food processing and textile industries might be useful sources of fertilizer. They contained high organic matters, nutrients and relatively low heavy metals.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.5-9
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• 2016

In the modern industrial society, huge amount of organic wastes have exceeded the society's self-cleaning capability, caused pollution of the whole environment, including water quality, soil, and the air, and become a big burden of waste treatment. Moreover, the emission of green house gases brought by the continual combustion of fossil fuels has facilitated the global warming. The simultaneous effect of initial and operational pH on $H_2$ yield was expressed using mathematical equation and optimized. The optimal initial and cultivation pH was 7.50 and 6.01, respectively. Addition of livestock wastewater to food waste substantially decreased the amount of alkali requirement and also improved the $H_2$ fermentation performance.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.64-71
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• 2022

The discarding of wastes into the environment is a significant problem for many communities. Still, food waste can be used for lactic acid bacteria (LAB) growth. Here, we evaluated three growth media equivalent to de Mann Rogosa Sharpe (MRS), using apple bagasse, yeast waste, fish flour, forage oats, and cheese whey. Cell-free supernatants of eight LAB strains were tested for antimicrobial activity against nine indicator microorganisms. The supernatants were also evaluated for protein content, reducing sugars, pH, and lactic acid concentration. Cell-free supernatants from fish flour broth (FFB) LAB growth were the most effective. The strain Leuconostoc mesenteroides PIM5 presented the best activity in all media. L. mesenteroides CAL14 completely inhibited L. monocytogenes and strongly inhibited Bacillus cereus (91.1%). The strain L. mesenteroides PIM5 consumed more proteins (77.42%) and reducing sugars (56.08%) in FFB than in MRS broth (51.78% and 30.58%, respectively). Culture media formulated with agroindustrial wastes positively improved the antimicrobial activity of selected LAB, probably due to the production of antimicrobial peptides or bacteriocins.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.11-22
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• 2014

The buffer capacity of food waste lowers during the collecting and transportation period. Food waste usually shows deficiency of micro nutrients especially molybdenum(Mo) and cobalt(Co). Therefore, food waste can be considered as a good mixture of livestock waste to enhance methane production. The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between properties of substrates (local food waste and livestock manure) and methane yields for successive anaerobic fermentation process and its stable management. Food wastes were taken at an intermediate storage or treatment system provided by eight local authorities (Gangnam, Gangdong, Gwanak, Guro, Dongjak, Songpa, Yeongdeungpo, and Younsan) in Seoul. The solid content and potential methane yield of food wastes were average of 16% and $446.6STP-m{\ell}/g-VS$ (range from 334.8 to $567.5STP-m{\ell}/g-VS$) respectively. As for the beef cattle manure, the solid content and potential methane yield had an average of 26% and $280.6STP-m{\ell}/g-VS$ respectively. Potential methane yield had a positive correlation with fat content, and hydrogen content and a negative correlation with carbohydrate content ($r^2>0.8$). Therefore, the potential methane yield can be predicted based on the substrate characterization results with reasonable accuracy. Further research may be needed to investigate the relation of the properties of the mixture substrate and methane production rate. The mixtures may include food waste, livestock waste, and bulking agents (saw dust, rice hull, or agricultural byproducts etc.) to determine best combination of these substrates for maximum methane production rate.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.15-23
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• 2010

Bio-ethanol is the most potential next generation automotive fuel for reducing both consumption of crude oil and environmental pollution from renewable resources such as wood, forest residuals, agricultural leftovers and urban wastes. Lignocellulosic based materials can be broken down into individual sugars. Therefore, saccharification is one of the important steps for producing sugars, such as 6-C glucose, galactose, mannose and 5-C xylose, mannose and rhamnose. These sugars can be further broken down and fermented into ethanol. The main objective of this research is to study the feasibility and optimize saccharification and fermentation process for the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to low cost bioethanol.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.1-6
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• 2017

Modern society has been experiencing by population growth and urbanization that bring, a change of eating habits which has occurred a various types of waste in a large amount. Even though these wastes are required an immediate treatment with difficulties unsanitary handling and existing waste treatment method are by incineration, fermentation, drying and etc. however a bad smell occurs after the treatment that need's a lot of energy in processing organic wastes with high moisture contents and wasteful and inefficient problem. The strength assessment of the organic waste agitating vessel is required in terms of safety due to the differences of loading on the shaft that was treated by agitating the mixture of food waste. The damage of agitating axis is depended on steam pressure, temperature condition and the force moment that exerted by the food waste. Thus the strength assessment and stability evaluation are very important, especially to handle a hard waste. In this study the rotation capacity of agitation is about 5 tons considering general structural rolled steel pressure vessel strength and steam pressure. The purpose is to estimate the safety and strength evaluation for a agitator axis and impellers according to the rotating angle of the axis under the condition of the 3.2 ton capacity reactor.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.99-111
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to provide a design and operation technical guideline for meeting the appropriate design criteria to bio-gasification facilities treating organic wastes. Based on the results obtained during the field surveys, the overall design and operation guidelines for bio-gasification facilities, monitoring items, cycle and commissioning period were presented. According to the flow of anaerobic digestion process, Various design factors for bio-gasification facilities were proposed in this study. When designing the initial anaerobic digestion capacity, 10 ~ 30% of the treatment capacity was applied considering the discharge characteristics by the incoming organic wastes. At the import storage hopper process, limit concentration of transporting organic wastes was limited to TS 10 % or less, and limit concentration of inhibiting factor was suggested in operation of anaerobic digester. In addition, organic loading rate (OLR) was shown as $1.5{\sim}4.0kgVS_{in}/(m^3{\cdot}day)$ for the combined bio-gasification facilities of animal manure and food wastes. Desulfurization and dehumidification methods of biogas from anaerobic digestor and proper periods of liquifization tank were suggested in design guideline. It is recommended that the operating parameters of the biogasification facilities to be maintained at pH (acid fermentation tank 4.5~6.5, methane fermentation tank 6.0~8.0), temperature variation range within $2^{\circ}C$, management of volatile fatty acid and ammonia concentration less than 3,000 mg/L, respectively.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.100-110
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• 2000

Studies were conducted to know effects of the bulking agents (saw dusts, mushroom waste, wheat bran coconut meal, rice hulls) adding o moisture control, fermentation methods (aerobic and anaerobic) and periods (1 to 20 days) of food waste fermentation for animal feeds on chemical compositions and in vitro DDM (digestibility of dry matter). Experiment designs were focussed basically to obtain extension service data. The NDF (neutral detergent fiber) composition in the oak and pine saw dust were 93.5% and 95.4% (DM basis) in respectively. Thus, the fermented food waste feeds using saw dust (50%) increased NDF(12%), and decreased in vitro DDM(48%) compared to those of raw materials before aerobic fermentation. The oak saw dust showed higher DDM compared to pine. Mushroom wastes which is a residues of mushroom culture mixed originally willow saw dust (80%) and wheat bran (20%) showed quite higher feed value compared to both saw dusts. It was found that an in vitro DDM and NDF composition in fermented feeds appeared highly dependent or the NDF composition in bulking agents. With an increase wheat bran ratio substitute mushroom waste showed linearly decreased NDF, and increased in vitro DDM in the fermented food waste feeds. The fermented feeds added bottling agents composed higher NDF resulted in higher NDF and lower in vitro DDM with prolonged fermentation time. The feeds from anaerobic fermentation appeared lower NDF and higher in vitro DDM compared to those of aerobic fermentation.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.201-205
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• 2008

The korean government started to ban the sanitary landfill of food wastes as of 2005. The radical change of policy is primarily due to the limited landfill site, but aimed to promote not only to reduce the food waste production but also to enhance the reuse and recycle. The performance of elutriated acid fermentation to evaluate the effects of elutriating ratios was investigated. The fermenters were operated with elutriating water to food waste volumetric ratio of 2, 1, 0.5 and 0.25. Initial pH of elutriating water was set for 9 based on the pH effects study. The cumulative amounts of SCOD production rate were $0.34gSCOD/gVS_i$, $0.45gSCOD/gVS_i$, $0.26gSCOD/gVS_i$ and $0.28gSCOD/gVS_i$ with the ratios of 2, 1, 0.5 and 0.25, respectively. The cumulative productions of VFAs were 0.12 gVFAs as $COD/gVS_i$, 0.28 gVFAs as $COD/gVS_i$, 0.21 gVFAs as $COD/gVS_i$ and 0.14 gVFAs as $COD/gVS_i$ with the ratios of 2, 1, 0.5 and 0.25, respectively. The volume reduction were 58%, 52%, 45% and 47% with the ratios of 2, 1, 0.5 and 0.25, respectively.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.121-124
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• 2000

Organic acids were produced from wastes streams in food industries by cell-recycle fermentation using Propionibacterium acidipropionici ATCC 4965. As a results of continuous fermentation, maximum productivity was 3.32g organic acid/L/hr at the dilution rate of 0.2/hr. Compared to batch fermentation, maximum productivity was improved by as much as 13 times and cell mass production was increased by as much as 22 times. The diluted organic acids in the fermenter were selectively separated by liquid-liquid extraction using 30%(w/w) trioctylamine(TOA) dissolved in methylisobutylketone(MIBK). The degree of extraction was reached above 90% for both acetic and propionic acid through repeated extraction of organic acids in fermentation broth.