• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.13-34
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• 2007

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of administration of Guibitang on ovarian functions and differential gene expressions related cell viabilities caspase-3, MAPK and MPG in female mice. Methods: We administered the Guibitang to 6-week-old female ICR mice for 4, 8, or 12 days. Then, the female mice were injected PMSG and hCG for ovarian hyperstimulation. The mice divided into 3 different groups for each experiment. To compare the differences, we set a control group treated with plain water at the same volume by the same way. Results: administration of Guibitang, the mean number of total ovulated oocytes and the number of morphologically normal oocytes increased significantly compared to control group. And the rates of blastocyst formation from 2-cell stages alsa increased significantly compared to control group. Capase-3 gene expression which is known to maker gene for cell apoptosis were significantly lower than that of control group. And MAPK and MPG gene expressions for cell viability and DNA repair were same that of control group. Conclusion: From our results suggested that the medication of Guibitang has beneficial effect on reproductive functions of female mice via prevention of cell apoptosis and DNA damaging and promotion of cell proliferation.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.60-78
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• 2009

Purpose: These experiments were undertaken to evaluate the effect of administration of Evodiae Fructus on ovarian functions and differential gene expressions related caspase-3, MAPK and MPG in female mice. Methods: We administered the Evodiae Fructus to 6-week-old female ICR mice for 4, 8, or 12 days. With different concentration of Evodiae Fructus, the female mice were injected PMSG and hCG for ovarian hyperstimulation. The mice divided into 3 groups for each experiment. We chose the caspase-3 for cell apoptosis, MAPK and MPG genes for cell viability and DNA repair. Results: In case of 4, 8, 12 day of Evodiae Fructus, we were examined the mean number of total ovulated oocytes and the number of morphologically normal oocytes. We were also examined the embryonic developmental competence in vitro. In addition we were also examined the differential expression of cell viability related genes, caspase-3, MAPK and MPG according to concentration and duration of Evodiae Fructus administration. MPG gene expressions for cell viability and DNA repaie were increased in dose dependent manner than that of control group in 4-day administration group. Conclusion: It is suggested that the medication of Evodiae Fructus has beneficial effect on reproductive functions of female mice via promotion of cell proliferation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.43-46
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• 1988

Based on our previous results that among 4 strains of mice SHN and GR/A showed the highest mammary growth potentials in females and males, respectively. Effects of crossbreeding on normal and neoplastic mammary growth were studied in $(SHN\;{\times}\;GR/A)F_1$ virgin female mice. $F_1$ mice were higher than the parental strains in the end-bud formation and the ductal growth of mammary glands at 60 days of age and at tumorous age, respectively. While there was little difference between $F_1$ and both parental strains in the onset age of the first mammary tumors, mammary tumorigenic potential was apparently higher in the former than in the latters. This would be the first report that demonstrated directly the contribution of mammary growth potential of males to that of female offspring.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.370-373
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• 2000

Acute toxicity of the pigment fraction of Heugjinjubyeo was investigated in male and female mice following oral administration. Major component of pigment fraction was analyzed as cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G), which composition content was 96%. The pigment fraction as given at the single oral doses of 1000,3000 and 9000mg/kg in male and female mice did not show any abnormal behaviours, body weight loss or other toxic symptoms during observation period of 14 days. There were no dead mice among 6 mice at a single dose of 9000mg/kg. Thus, it is concluded that the minimum lethal doses (MLD) of the pigment extract might be more than 9000 mg/kg p.o., in male and female mice.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.299-305
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• 2013

This study was to evaluate the single dose toxicity of Arecae Semen (AS) in male and female ICR mice. Aqueous extracts of AS (Yield = 13.15%) were administered as an oral dose of 2,000, 1,000 and 500 mg/kg (body weight) according to the recommendation of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) guidelines. Animals were monitored for the mortality and changes in body weight, clinical signs and gross observation during 14 days after dosing, upon necropsy; organ weight and histopathology of 12 principle organs were examined. We could not find any mortality, clinical signs, and changes in the body and organ weight except for diarrhea. Diarrhea were observed in all three different dosage groups of male mice, and in 2000 mg/kg groups of female mice within 48hrs after administration. In addition, no AS extract related abnormal gross findings and changes in histopathology of principle organs were detected except for some sporadic accidental findings. Although the 50% lethal dose and approximate lethal dose of AS aqueous extracts in female and male mice were detected as over 2,000 mg/kg - the limited highest dosage recommended by KFDA guidelines. It should be carefully used in clinics because AS may be induced severe digestive tract disorders.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.122-131
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• 2011

The object of this study was to evaluate the single dose toxicity of Yukmijihwangtanggamibang (YMJHTGMB), a polyherbal formula have been traditionally used as prevention or treatment agent for various lung diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), in male and female mice. Aqueous extracts of YMJHTGMB (Yield = 16.33%) wasadministered to female and male ICR mice as an oral dose of 2,000, 1,000 and 500 mg/kg (body weight) according to the recommendation of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) Guidelines. Animals were monitored for the mortality and changes in body weight, clinical signs and gross observation during 14 days after dosing, upon necropsy; organ weight and histopathology of 12 principle organs were examined. As results, we could not find any mortality, clinical signs, and changesin the body and organ weight except for soft feces restricted to YMJHTGMB 2,000 mg/kg treated two male mice (2/5; 40%) at 1 day after administration. In addition, no YMJHTGMB-treatment related abnormal gross findings and changes in histopathology of principle organs were detected except for some sporadic accidental findings. The results obtained in this study suggest that the 50% lethal dose and approximate lethal dose of YMJHTGMB aqueous extracts in both female and male mice were considered as over 2,000 mg/kg, the limited highest dosage recommended by KFDA Guidelines.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.1019-1026
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• 2010

The object of this study was to evaluate the single dose toxicity of Iijintanggami-bang (IJTGMB), a polyherbal formula have been traditionally used as prevention or treatment agent for various digestive disorders including reflux esophagitis, in male and female mice. Aqueous extracts of IJTGMB (Yield = 8.45%) was administered to female and male ICR mice as an oral dose of 2,000, 1,000 and 500 mg/kg (body weight) according to the recommendation of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) Guidelines. Animals were monitored for the mortality and changes in body weight, clinical signs and gross observation during 14 days after dosing, upon necropsy; organ weight and histopathology of 12 principal organs were examined. As results, we could not find any mortality, clinical signs, and changesin the body and organ weight except for soft feces restricted to IJTGMB 2,000 mg/kg treated two male mice (2/5; 40%) at 1 day after administration. In addition, no IJTGMB-treatment related abnormal gross findings and changes in histopathology of principle organs were detected except for some sporadic accidental findings. The results obtained in this study suggest that the 50% lethal dose and approximate lethal dose of IJTGMB aqueous extracts in both female and male mice were considered as over 2,000 mg/kg, the limited highest dosage recommended by KFDA Guidelines.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.427-435
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• 2017

To investigate whether genistein regulates menopause-induced obesity, it was studied the effects of genistein on anti-obesity effects in female ovariectomized (OVX) mice, an animal model of postmenopausal women. 7-week-old female mice (C57BL/6J) were randomly divided into three groups. All the animals received a high fat diet or a high fat diet supplemented with genistein for 8 weeks and variables and determinants of obesity were measured. The OVX mice had significantly higher body weight and adipose tissue mass than sham mice. However, genistein supplementation reduced body weight, adipose tissue mass, and adipocyte size of OVX mice. The OVX mice treated with genistein had significantly lower levels of serum triglycerides and total cholesterol than the vehicle-treated OVX mice. Lipid accumulation in liver was also markedly decreased by genistein in OVX mice. The results suggest that genistein can effectively prevent adiposity, adipocyte phertrophy, and llipid disorders caused by ovariectomy. Moreover, this study may contribute to the alleviation of metabolic syndrome, including obesity and hyerlipidemia in postmenopausal women.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2005

Fibrates are a class of hypolipidemic agents whose effects are mediated by activation of a specific transcription factor called the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor $\alpha\;(PPAR\alpha).\;PPAR\alpha$ regulates the pathways of lipid catabolism such as fatty acid oxidation and the triglyceride metabolism, resulting in the treatment of hyperlipidemia. The decreased levels of plasma triglycerides by fibrates are responsible for hypertrophy and hyperpalsia of adipose cells. To determine whether fenofibrate regulates adipogenesis in female C57BL/6J mice, we measured the effects of fenofibrate on not only body weight, adipose tissue mass and serum triglycerides, but also the histology of adipose tissue and the expression of adipocyte marker genes. Fenofibrate did not inhibit high fat diet-induced increases in body weight, adipose tissue mass and serum triglycerides. Furthermore, fenofibrate did not cause the changes in the size and number of adipocytes and the expression of adipocyte-specific genes such as leptin and $TNF\alpha$. Therefore, this study demonstrates that fenofibrate does not affect adipogenesis in female mice.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.139-146
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• 2008

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}$ $(PPAR{\gamma})$ plays a central role in adipogenesis and lipid storage. The $(PPAR{\gamma})$ ligands, thiazolidinediones (TZDs), enhance in vitro adipogenesis in several cell types, but the role of the TZDs on in vivo adipogenesis is still poorly understood. To investigate how $PPAR{\gamma}$ ligand troglitazone regulates adipogenesis in female mice, we examined the effects of the troglitazone on adipose tissue mass, morphological changes of adipocytes, and the expression of $PPAR{\gamma}$ target and adipocyte-specific genes in low fat diet-fed female C57BL/6 mice. Administration of troglitazone for 13 weeks did not change body and total white adipose tissue weights compared with control mice. Troglitazone treatment also did not cause a significant decrease in the average size of adipocytes in parametrial adipose tissue although it is reported to increase the number of small adipocytes in male animals. Troglitazone did not affect the mRNA expression of $PPAR{\gamma}$ and its target genes as well as adipocyte-specific genes in parametrial adipose tissue. These results suggest that $PPAR{\gamma}$ does not seem to be associated with adipogenesis in females with functioning ovaries and that its inability to induce adipogenesis may be due to sex-related factors.