• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2002년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2
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• pp.296.1-296.1
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• 2002

Bisphenol A(BPA). a monomer used in the manufacturing epoxy resins and polycarbonates. has been reported to induce estrogenic activity, it has been considered as an environmental endocrine disruptor. But the immunomodulatory effects of BPA exposure have not been systemically evaluated. We investigated whether BPA effects on the ability of immunoglobulin(lg) production of mice. To initiate investigation of BPA-induced alterations of the immune system. BPA at dose of 100. 500,1000 mg/kg b.w./day with or without OVA-antigen for 30 days were orally administered to female ICR mice. Mice were sacrificed and serum was colleted on day 2 following administration of BPA for 30days. Total lgG1. total lgG2a. total lgE. OVA-specific lgG1. OVA-specific lgG2a. and OVA-specific lgE in serum were detetmined and compared with those of non-treated mice. In the groups of BPA with OVA antigen, total 1gG1, total lgG2a, total lgE. OVA-specific lgG1 and OVA-specific lgG2a were significantly decreased at dose of 500mg/kg/day. However, in mice treated with BPA alone, total lgG1, and lgG2 were not much altered and total lgE was significantly increased at dose of 1000mg/kg/day. These results demonstrated the BPA modulates the production of immunoglobulin.

• Laboraroty Animal Research
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.302-310
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• 2018

CD47 (integrin-associated protein), a multi-spanning transmembrane protein expressed in all cells including red blood cells (RBCs) and leukocytes, interacts with signal regulatory protein ${\alpha}$ ($SIRP{\alpha}$) on macrophages and thereby inhibits phagocytosis of RBCs. Recently, we generated a novel C57BL/6J CD47 knockout ($CD47^{-/-}$ hereafter) mouse line by employing a CRISPR/Cas9 system at Center for Mouse Models of Human Disease, and here report their hematological phenotypes. On monitoring their birth and development, $CD47^{-/-}$ mice were born viable with a natural male-to-female sex ratio and normally developed from birth through puberty to adulthood without noticeable changes in growth, food/water intake compared to their age and sex-matched wild-type littermates up to 26 weeks. Hematological analysis revealed a mild but significant reduction of RBC counts and hemoglobin in 16 week-old male $CD47^{-/-}$ mice which were aggravated at the age of 26 weeks with increased reticulocyte counts and mean corpuscular volume (MCV), suggesting hemolytic anemia. Interestingly, anemia in female $CD47^{-/-}$ mice became evident at 26 weeks, but splenomegaly was identified in both genders of $CD47^{-/-}$ mice from the age of 16 weeks, consistent with development of hemolytic anemia. Additionally, helper and cytotoxic T cell populations were considerably reduced in the spleen, but not in thymus, of $CD47^{-/-}$ mice, suggesting a crucial role of CD47 in proliferation of T cells. Collectively, these findings indicate that our $CD47^{-/-}$ mice have progressive hemolytic anemia and splenic depletion of mature T cell populations and therefore may be useful as an in vivo model to study the function of CD47.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제59권3호
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• pp.227-231
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• 2016

Deep sea water (DSW) is located 100 to 500 m below the sea surface. DSW is widely used in various fields, and is an important source of minerals that can be used to treat mineral deficiency. In the present study, the oral toxicity of DSW-mineral extracts was determined using single-dose and 14-day repeated dose oral toxicity tests in ICR mice. For the single-dose oral toxicity tests, mineral extracts of magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) at doses of 0, 6, 270, 810, and 1,350 mg/kg, respectively, were orally administered to mice once at the beginning of the experiment, and the mice were observed for 14 days. For the 14-day repeated dose oral toxicity tests, Mg and Ca mineral extracts at doses of 0, 3, 135, 405, 675 mg/kg, respectively, were orally administered to mice daily, and the mice were observed for 14 days. Various tests were performed including visual observation; analysis of relative organ weight, food intake, and organ weight; biochemical analysis, and histopathology. The results indicated that mortality and changes in appearance were not observed among differentially administered groups of male and female ICR mice during the experimental period. Differences in body weight gain, food intake, organ weight, and histopathology parameters were not significant between the control and mineral-administered groups. Some results of the biochemical analyses were significantly different, but showed no specific tendencies. Overall, no evidence of toxicity was observed from the oral administration of DSW extracts of Ca and Mg in ICR mice.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.181-194
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• 2006

Objective : Author evaluate the effects of Citri Reticulatae Viride Pericarpium for the bronchial asthma using assesment of the vascular endothelial growth factor after Citri Reticulatae Viride Peicarpium was intravenously administered Ovalbumine(OVA)-sensitized and -challenged mice. Material and Methods : Twenty-four female mice, 8-10 weeks old and free of murine specific pathogens, were sensitized by intraperitoneal injection of OVA. Of the sensitized mice, ten mice didn't administrate Citri Reticulatae Viride Pericarpium and the other ten mice administrated Citri Reticulatae Viride Pericarpium. Mice were sensitized on the first and fourteen days introspectional injection of 20 ${\mu}g$ OVA. After$21^{st}\;22^{th}\;and\;23^{rd}$, the initial sensitization, the mice were challenged for 30 minutes with an aerosol of 1% OVA in saline. Citri Reticulatae Viride Pericarpium administered 200mg/kg in the tail of the mouse, one a day, for 7 days and beginning 14 days after first sensitization. Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed 72 hours after the last challenge, and total cell numbers in the BAL fluid were count. Also, lever of VEGF in the BAL fluid was measured by Enzyme immunoassays and Western blot analysis. Results: Total cell numbers in BAL fluid were significantly greater than from 72 hrs after OVA inhalation compared with cell numbers in the control group. However, there was no difference of the total cell numbers between OVA-challenge groups without Citri Reticulatae Viride Pericarpium, and OVA-challenge with Citri Reticulatae Viride Pericarpium. Enzyme immunoassay revealed that VEGF levels in the BAL fluids were significantly increased 72 hrs after OVA inhalation compared with levels in the control group. After administration of the Citri Reticulatae Viride Pericarpiu, the levels of the VEGF in BAL fluids 72 hrs after OVA inhalation reduced dramatically. Western blot analysis revealed that VEGF protein levels were increased in the all mice which were challenge with OVA, without administered Citri Reticulatae Viride Pericarpium, compared the normal mouse. However, in the groups of the administered Citri Reticulatae Viride Pericarpium, the VEGF protein level markedly decreased. Conclusion: Citri Reticulatae Viride Pericarpium might affect the treatment of the bronchial ashma as a inhibition of the VEGF.

• Laboraroty Animal Research
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.311-316
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• 2018

Laboratory inbred mice are used widely and commonly in biomedical research, but inbred mice do not have a big enough gene pool for the research. In this study, genetic and morphometric analyses were performed to obtain data on the characteristics of a newly developing inbred strain (KWM/Hym) captured from Chuncheon, Korea. All of five Korean wild male mice have the zinc-finger Y (ZfY) gene. Also, all of 19 Korean wild mice used in this analysis have the AKV-type murine leukemia virus gene, indicating that Korean wild mice might be Mus musculus musculus. To identify the genetic polymorphism in KWM/Hym, SNP analysis was performed. In a comparison with 28 SNP markers, there was a considerable difference between KWM/Hym and several inbred strains. The homogeneity between KWM/Hym and the inbred strains was as follows: C57BL/6J (39.3%), BALB/c AJic (42.9%), and DBA/2J (50%). KWM/Hym is most similar to the PWK/PhJ inbred strain (96.4%) derived from wild mice (Czech Republic). To identify the morphometric characteristics of KWM/Hym, the external morphology was measured. The tail ratio of male and female was $79.60{\pm}3.09$ and $73.55{\pm}6.14%$, respectively. KWM/Hym has short and agouticolored hairs and its belly is white with golden hair. Taking these results together, KWM/Hym, a newly developing inbred mouse originated from wild mouse, might be use as new genetic resources to overcome the limitations of the current laboratory mice.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.320-327
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• 2022

Neurodevelopmental disorders are complex conditions that pose difficulty in the modulation of proper motor, sensory and cognitive function due to dysregulated neuronal development. Previous studies have reported that an imbalance in the excitation/inhibition (E/I) in the brain regulated by glutamatergic and/or GABAergic neurotransmission can cause neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric behavioral deficits such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). NMDA acts as an agonist at the NMDA receptor and imitates the action of the glutamate on that receptor. NMDA however, unlike glutamate, only binds to and regulates the NMDA receptor subtypes and not the other glutamate receptors. This study seeks to determine whether NMDA administration in mice i.e., over-activation of the NMDA system would result in long-lasting behavioral deficits in the adolescent mice. Both gender mice were treated with NMDA or saline at early postnatal developmental period with significant synaptogenesis and synaptic maturation. On postnatal day 28, various behavioral experiments were conducted to assess and identify behavioral characteristics. NMDA-treated mice show social deficits, and repetitive behavior in both gender mice at adolescent periods. However, only the male mice but not female mice showed increased locomotor activity. This study implies that neonatal exposure to NMDA may illicit behavioral features similar to ASD. This study also confirms the validity of the E/I imbalance theory of ASD and that NMDA injection can be used as a pharmacologic model for ASD. Future studies may explore the mechanism behind the gender difference in locomotor activity as well as the human relevance and therapeutic significance of the present findings.

• 한국발생생물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국발생생물학회 2003년도 제3회 국제심포지움 및 학술대회
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• pp.85-85
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• 2003

Human lactoferrin (hLF) is an 80 kDa iron-binding glycoprotein that is expressed in high concentration in milk and in lesser amount in the secondary or specific granules of neutrophils and in plasma, LF is classically considered to be related to the binding, transport, and storage of iron. The transgenic mice carrying the human hLF gene in conjunction with the bovine $\beta$-casein promoter produced the human hLF in their milk during lactation. To screen transgenic mice, PCR was carried out using chromosomal DNA extracted from tail or toe tissues. In this study, stability of germ line transmission and expression of hLF were monitored up to generation Fl7 of a transgenic line. When female mouse of generation F9 was crossbred with normal male, generation F9 to Fl7 mice showed similar transmission rates ($66.0 \pm 12.57%, 42.0 \pm 14.98%, 72.2 \pm 25.45%, 50.0 \pm 16.70%, 65.7 \pm 6.45%, 48.6 \pm 14.65%, 54 1 \pm 18 11%, 57.8 \pm 16.16% and 48.6 \pm 20.66$, respectively), implying that the hLF gene can be transmitted stably up to long term generation in the transgenic mice For ELISA analysis, hLF expression levels were determined with an hLF ELISA kit in accordance with the supplier's protocol. Expression levels of human hLF from milk of generation F9 to Fl3 mice were $ 3.2 \pm 0.69 mg/ml, 3.1 \pm 0.81 mg/ml, 4.6 \pm 1.38 mg/ml, 3.1 \pm 0.42 mg/ml, and 4.5 \pm 1,48 mg/ml$, respectively. These expression levels were lower than that of founder (6.6 mg/$m\ell$) mouse. We concluded that transgenic mice faithfully passed the transgene on their progeny and successively secreted target proteins into their milk through several generations.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2003년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.1
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• pp.181.2-182
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• 2003

Single and 28-day repeated dose toxicity studies of botulinum toxin type A(BTA) were carried out in ICR mice and SD rats. respectively. In the single dose toxicity study. BTA was injected intraperitoneally to male and female mice at a single dose of 40, 59, 89, 133 and 200 ng/kg. All animals died from 59 ng/kg. Some clinical signs were observed in most of both sexes from 59 ng/kg, but no signs were seen in all animals at 40 ng/kg. (omitted)

• 한국한의학연구원논문집
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.79-83
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• 2009

In this study, we investigated the single dose toxicity and safety about water-extracted Galgeuntang. To evaluate single dose toxicity, 20 male and 20 female ICR mice were observed survival rates, general toxicity, changes of body weight for 14 days after single oral administration of 0 (control group), 1250, 2500 and 5000mg/kg Galgeuntang. And after 14 day, We observed autopsy. Compared with the control group, we could not find any toxic alteration in all treated groups (1250, 2500 and 5000 mg/kg). LD50 of Galgeuntang might be over 5000mg/kg and it is very safe to ICR mice.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.61-71
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• 1991

The acute and genetic effect of formaldehyde on mice through inhalation route was studied. The Riley's chamber with one stack of cage was used for the exposure and the micronucleus test was performed under unprecedently maximum exposure concentration. LC50's of formaldehyde in mice by whole body exposure for 4 hours were 105.5 ppm with 95% confidence interval of 72.6 ppm and 143.2 ppm for male, and 159.2 ppm with 95% confidence interval of 116.5 ppm and 272.7 ppm for female. Cinicial symptoms by acute exposure were salivation, lacrimation, and abnormal respiration.