• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
• /
• v.17 no.5
• /
• pp.133-150
• /
• 2022

The purpose of this study was to develop a female entrepreneurial competency model. For the purpose, two Focus Group Interviews (FGI) were conducted with seven outstanding female entrepreneurs, and three expert reviews were conducted. In addition, in order to verify the validity of the provisional female entrepreneur competency model derived from the FGI and competency modeling expert review, the female entrepreneur competency model was finally confirmed through a survey of 442 female entrepreneurs. The results were as follows. First, a female entrepreneur competency model consisting of 6 competency groups and 25 competencies of entrepreneurship, emotion, business management, relationship management, strategic management, and multitasking, and 75 behavioral indicators describing each competency was developed. Second, sensibility and multitasking are competencies that reflect the characteristics of female entrepreneurs. In particular, 'social sense', which is the ability to be considerate of others in the emotional competency group and the ability to respond well to subtle nuances, and the multitasking competency group's unique strengths are women's ability to perform various tasks at the same time. The 'work-family control ability' of a female entrepreneur who maintains a balance between 'multi-tasking' and work and family is a representative competency of only female entrepreneurs. Third, the developed female entrepreneurship competency model is meaningful in that it not only increases female entrepreneurial competency so that prospective female entrepreneurs can successfully run a business through entrepreneurship education, but it also makes it easy for existing female entrepreneurs to reflect and improve their competencies. If we provide appropriate training programs to female entrepreneurs based on their competency, it will be possible to effectively enhance the entrepreneurial competency, which is the key to strengthening the competitiveness of female entrepreneurs. The female entrepreneur competency model developed through this study can provide a basis for future research on competency diagnosis and education needs analysis.

• Asia Pacific Journal of Business Review
• /
• v.3 no.2
• /
• pp.43-66
• /
• 2019

Home-based business (HBB) is one of the fastest growing form of business start-ups where the business is conducted from home. In develop economies, the HBB industry is an engine for economic growth that has proven its viability through significant contribution to the national GDP. In view of its importance, the Saudi Ministry of Commerce and Industry encourage local women to start and develop their own HBB as it gives them the flexibility while still contributing to the national economy. Although various initiatives have been taken place, little information is available about Saudi HBB. This study therefore aims to determine the factors that contribute to the growth as well as the challenges of female HBB in Saudi Arabia. The study was based on qualitative approach which adopted an in-depth interview with eleven Saudi females who run HBB. The findings revealed that HBB contributing factors comprised of access to funding, sufficiency of savings and the influence of the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in starting the business. Meanwhile, the obstacles are government regulations and policies, culture, and home design. The study recommendations include improving banks and service institution policy and procedures to enable HBB to have access to funding and services and to develop legal policies to protect the right of the HBB operator and customers. Finally, the study also suggests future research on managerial factors that can contribute to HBB female success, the stress coping mechanism of HBB and the factors contributing to the difference between HBB in growth strategies.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
• /
• v.8 no.5
• /
• pp.201-210
• /
• 2021

COVID-19 presented the world with a severe loss of life and impact, which has no geographical bounds or expected time to when its effects will subside. It has affected countries across the globe, disrupting economic levels and businesses in every industry while also altering individuals' everyday lives. The current research aims to examine the impact of coronavirus pandemic on entrepreneur's business activities and their perceptions on the difference in consumer behavior during this time. The findings reveal the pandemic negatively impacted business productivity and profits, forcing many businesses to physically close permanently. Surprisingly, female entrepreneurs do not perceive a change in consumer behavior compared to pre-COVID-19 times. Interestingly, the results indicate there is a negative impact on employees' efficiency to conduct work in which almost no research has conveyed such a finding. For this purpose, a survey was conducted with 445 responses from male and female entrepreneurs in the capital city of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, using a simple random sample over the period of four months. Ultimately, this research will help entrepreneurs gain more knowledge and a deeper understanding of this new environment necessary to undertaking certain measures and adaptability in order to sustain their businesses during unprecedented times.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.61-78
• /
• 2001

This study intends to provide the groundwork for an establishment of women entrepreneur policy and the guidelines for start-up of women-owned business. The findings of the study are as follows; Women starts business for a financial reasons and this makes up 26 percent, which ranked the highest of respondents motive for starting up a business. The double labor - due 새 the practice of housework and running a business simultaneously - forms 19.6 percent of the bottleneck in operating business. In addition, the worst financial strain, 43 percent, occurred during the business preparatory period. As the entrepreneurship is higher, they are more backed up with support in education and training. In addition, annual net profit of business operated by the older age group is relatively greater. The firm performance is greater as she holds a higher academic degree. As the goal of annual net profit is higher that is set up before the start-up, the net gain turns out to be greater in actual operation, thus resulting in greater effects. The study shows that when they received economic aid, the initial capital had been greatly affected The younger age group makes up the higher percentage of support in education and training. After considering all the findings collectively, the conclusions are as follows; First, the firm performance is affected by the entrepreneurship, schooling, age, and the goal of the female entrepreneur. Second, a support in education and economic does not have a direct effect on the firm performance. However, the study reveals that the entrepreneurship of those who received educational support is higher than that of those who did not. Third, the in-depth interview reveals the facts that how they had been brought up and how the role of the family had a significant effect on their management of business.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
• /
• v.7 no.9
• /
• pp.639-647
• /
• 2020

Entrepreneurial intention is receiving immense recognition in entrepreneurship researches, as it motives an individual to become an entrepreneur. Still, the interplay between gender perspective and contextual factors (i.e., access to capital, business information, social network, educational support, structural support) are not fully investigated in understanding the entrepreneurial intention in developing countries like Bangladesh. Therefore, the paper aims to examine the gender difference and educational discipline difference in the university's students' entrepreneurial intention in relation to contextual factors in Bangladesh. In this study, sample has been particularly taken from the different disciplinary students of private universities. Five-point Likert scale-based survey questionnaire was developed based on past researches. 280 online survey forms were distributed among the university students and finally 225 students' response were found correct as the study sample size (final survey response rate = 80%), after eliminating the incorrect survey responses. For statistical analysis SPSS 23.0 version is used. One-way ANOVA is used to measure the gender and discipline difference on entrepreneurial intention among male and female students. The results show that business information and social network will have more influence on male students' entrepreneurial intention, and comparatively, business students have more willingness to become entrepreneurs than other departmental students.

• Korean small business review
• /
• v.40 no.4
• /
• pp.75-94
• /
• 2018

This study captures the possibility that entrepreneurs can become an employee in a traditional organization (a company). Acknowledging that the career change from self-employment to salary-employment is not a trivial decision, we investigate how this career path can be made. As an exploratory approach, we take a social psychological perspective; in particular, we posit that entrepreneurial costs can affect the "getting-back" career decision. Given that career changes can be considered as a boundedly-rational choice, we claim that when the entrepreneurs are perceived as being stigmatized, these transaction-related costs will further engage in the "getting-back" career decision. To test these ideas, we sample 254 respondents from the database of Korea Education & Employment Panel (KEEP) and estimate the hazard ratio that an entrepreneur, who used to be an employee, becomes an employee with respect to entrepreneurial costs. With the results, we discuss how career changes (especially getting back to salary-employment) can be made through social evaluations of the entrepreneurs.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
• /
• v.17 no.5
• /
• pp.49-65
• /
• 2022

This study conducted an exploratory study based on in-depth interviews to understand the characteristics and capabilities of female entrepreneurs to promote women entrepreneurship. Therefore, in this study, through in-depth interviews with eight female entrepreneurs, the main contents of entrepreneurial attitudes (need for independence, development desire, favorable conditions), start-up entry rate, start-up motivation, start-up activities and constraints were analyzed. As a result, first, it was found that the entrepreneurial attitude of female entrepreneurs has a strong motivation for successful management based on a feeling of self-satisfaction, has characteristics that prioritize independence and self-actualization, and favorable conditions for starting a business are important. Second, it was found that women's individual differences from men and social structural factors had no significant effect on the entry rate of women. Third, it was found that the most important entrepreneurship motivation for women is the spirit of challenge, self-satisfaction, and the desire to balance work and family. Fourth, female entrepreneurs showed little difference in perception between male and female entrepreneurs in terms of resource access, but there was some discrimination in the network. Fifth, the main industries of female entrepreneurs are small businesses, and there is a tendency to be concentrated in industries with low profit margins and low growth and sales. Finally, it was found that barriers to women's entrepreneurship still exist. Based on the results of this study, the following implications are suggested. First, this study is differentiated in that it mainly identified the characteristics of women's experiences and social environments while starting a business and running a business. Second, in the case of female entrepreneurs, there is a need to spread a positive awareness of women entrepreneurship by arguing that the barriers to entrepreneurship unique to women are not high and can be sufficiently overcome. Lastly, although opportunistic start-ups based on women's social experience or management ability in work life are important for women's entrepreneurship, government support policies are needed to promote professional technology start-ups.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
• /
• v.14 no.5
• /
• pp.217-225
• /
• 2016

This study examines whether personal traits and globalization capability would affect the entrepreneurial intention. Survey using questionnaires was conducted toward 257 male and female adults aged 21 above across the nation. The analysis of the data shows that the desire for self-fulfillment, risk-taking propensity and sense of self-efficiency as personal traits have positive influence on entrepreneurial intention. And the globalization capability as mediating variable has meaningful influence on entrepreneurial intention, that is, globalization capability under the control of respective personal trait makes positive influence on entrepreneurial intention. Current study would support the potential entrepreneur and the educator to create effective entrepreneurial education program.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.8 no.9
• /
• pp.150-165
• /
• 2008

We examine how women entrepreneurs in contents business experience work/family role conflict and then reveal what kind of conflict management strategies they adopt in varying external and internal conditions. A critical problem faced by female entrepreneur is the tension that exists between their personal lives and business role. This tension is viewed as a form of inter-role conflict in which the role pressure from work and family competes for women's limited time and energy. First, we probe the content and nature of work- family role conflict on the part of female entrepreneurs. Second, we closely look at the three strategies of work/family role manipulation. Family role reduction strategy, work role reduction strategy, and work/family role sharing strategy are identified. Third, we discuss how the choice of the three strategies is affected by internal family salience and the external resources including spouse, family, and financial resources.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.69-76
• /
• 2015

This paper aims to analyze how the Venture Business Tendency of North Korean refugees affects social adaptation and family health, and to provide proposals for policy making on the issue. For the purpose, we specifically suggest analysis of activation plan that 48 Venture Business North Korean managed Enterprise types, Entrepreneur type, Business type, Gender, Profit etc. As a result of analysis of actual proof, First, The Venture Business North Korean refugees managed need to consult to be technology business professionally because they features to be self-employment than expertise and knowledge basis type. Second, the rate of success of North Korean refugees is researched that female is higher than male. Third, to support Venture Business of North Korean refugees, they need one on one incubating support syspen why they are inexperienced in network, technical skills. Fourth, Venture Business Tendency of North Korean refugees affects social adaptation and family health. Since mid 1990's, North Korean refugees have come to South Korea through China or third countries due to collapsing economy of North Korea. In an effort to help those escaping from North Korea, the Seoul government provided them with a 3-month settlement program. But they have had experienced difficulties in communication, cultural assimilation, and confusion in their value system and identity. For the purpose, one-on-one interview was carried out on 45 North Korean refugees living in Seoul and neighboring cities, and the interviewed group was classified into three categories: single households, single-parent families and families with parents. The study findings demonstrated four policy alternatives to help improve quality of life of North Korean refugees and to help their successful settlemen.