• Proceedings of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea Conference
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• 2002.03a
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• pp.12-19
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• 2002

A high frequency level of Fourier amplitude relates with stress drop and seismic moment. When we can not use this relation owing to absence of digital earthquake data, stress drop and seismic moment can be determined from Peak Ground Velocity(PGV) and felt area. We have qualitatively evaluated the seismic characteristics using PGV, and Magnitude from the well determined felt area in seismological records of Korea(1978~2001) by Korea Meteorological Administration(KMA). Observed relations between felt area and magnitude in the Korean Peninsula are explained by attenuation(Q), and stress drops comparing with the previous researches on stress parameter. This results are preliminary work for the study of stress parameter using the relationship of high frequency lavel, PGV, and felt area.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.36 no.7
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• pp.643-648
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• 2015

Equations that could estimate the local magnitude of historical earthquakes, being difficult to calculate, in Sino-Korea craton was obtained using instrumental earthquake data for 22 Korean and 46 northeastern Chinese events. The obtained equations from intensity $I_0$ is $M_L=1.7+0.57{\times}I_0$. The equation from felt area FA for the Korean Peninsula is $M_L=4.29-1.34{\times}log(FA)+0.28{\times}log^2(FA)$. When the information on earthquake damage, effects, and felt area is all recorded at the same time, the former equation of intensity is more feasible than that of felt area due to uncertainty in earthquake felt area.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.899-906
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the recognition and need for improvement of the Hwangnamppang provided to university students in the Gyeongju area of Korea. To accomplish this, we surveyed 195 university students by questionnaire. The consumption frequency rate revealed that 49.7% of students consumed Hwangnamppang $1{\sim}2$ times a year, while 32.8% consumed it $2{\sim}3$ times per six months and 16.4% consumed it $1{\sim}3$ times a month. Furthermore, the results revealed that 45.6% of the students purchased Hwangnamppang to give as a present. Moreover, 55% of the respondents thought that Hwangnamppang was a suitable gift, but that it was too expensive. In addition, 47.7% of the respondents felt that there were not enough varieties of the product and 26.7% for factor that do not increase Hwangnamppang's consumption respond. Finally, 90% of the respondents felt that there was a need to diversify the red-bean paste used in Hwangnamppang, and felt that the best pieces contained chestnuts (3.66/5 score) or sweet potato (3.62/5 score). Overall, the results of this study revealed that Hwangnamppang requires further development to increase the varieties available and improve the overall acceptability.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.263-270
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• 2009

Carbon felt surface was modified by heat or acid treatment in order to use for the electrode of a redox-flow battery. Polymers on the surface of carbon felt was removed and oxygen-containing functional group was attached after the thermal treatment of carbon felt. Thermal treatment was better for the stability of the carbon structure than the acid treatment. Oxygen-containing functional group on the thermally treated carbon felt at 500$^{\circ}C$ was confirmed by XPS and elementary analysis. BET surface area was increased from nearly zero to 96 $m^2/g$. Thermally treated carbon felt at 500$^{\circ}C$ showed lower activation polarization than the thermally treated carbon felt at 400$^{\circ}C$ and the acid-treated carbon felt in the cyclicvoltammetry and polarization experiments. The thermally treated carbon felts at 400$^{\circ}C$ and 500$^{\circ}C$ and the acid-treated carbon felt was applied for the electrode to prepare vanadium redox flow battery. Voltage efficiencies of charge/discharge were 86.6%, 89.6%, and 96.9% for the thermally treated carbon felts at 400$^{\circ}C$ and 500$^{\circ}C$ and the acid-treated carbon felt, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.60 no.5
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• pp.88-105
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to grasp the actual wearing conditions, inconvenience and problems with cycle wear. To attain this purpose, a questionnaire was completed by direct observation and by interviewing bicyclists. The questionnaire was given to 273 bicyclists. The questionnaire consisted of items that are related to concerns with dressing appropriately and enhancement of physical performance through dress. Following are the results of this study. According to the survey, many of them purchased imported cycle wear rather than national cycle wear, and the satisfaction according with purchase rate was low. Bicyclists were uneasy with finding right size cycle wear especially for women. It turned out that the area of the knee and elbow are mostly the areas that they get hurt while riding. Even though the knee and elbow are the mostly hurt area, bicyclists do not prefer to wear appropriate protector for the knee and elbow to excel in their performance in cycling. In material related questions, lower dissatisfaction was indicated for the lints caused by fraction. Average satisfaction was indicated for the distortion after washing, changes in color, touch of the fabric, matters with static and sweat. With regard to the areas where the bicyclists felt discomfort was highly indicated with lower-body clothing. Discomfort was highly indicated with crotch area when riding long period of time. Also when riding a cycle, discomfort was indicated with the leggings cuffs when it comes upward with riding motion. Most of the bicyclists felt the tight fitting leggings were embarrassing.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.155-161
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• 2017

Carbon felts were prepared under various thermal conditions to improve the electrochemical properties of vanadium redox flow batteries. The number of C-O and/or C-OH functional groups on the surface of the electrodes treated under airless conditions was much larger than that of the untreated and partially oxygen-treated electrodes. The carbon felt treated under airless conditions had the lowest surface area. The overall kinetic properties of the redox reaction were greatly improved for the carbon felt treated under airless conditions; i.e., the reversibility of the anodic and cathodic reactions associated with the $VO_2{^+}/VO^{2+}$ couple became more reversible. Single-cell tests indicated that the carbon felt exhibited an excellent discharge capacity of $3.1Ah{\cdot}g^{-1}$ at $40mA{\cdot}cm^{-2}$, and the corresponding Coulombic, voltage, and energy efficiencies were 89.5%, 91.8%, and 82.2%, respectively.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.89-95
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• 2015

Carbon felts manufactured by (Co)CNF were subjected to heat treatment under different temperatures to use for the electrode of a redox-flow battery. BET and weight loss were tested to investigate the physical properties of the carbon felt according to the heat treatment conditions. SEM and XPS were also analyzed to characterize their surface area. In addition, electrical resistance, CV (cyclic voltammetry) and RFB charge on the electrode properties were examined in accordance with the heat treatment conditions with the discharge performance. The changes of physical properties on the carbon felt surface was confirmed via SEM and BET analysis, The most addition of oxygen functional groups on the carbon felt surface was obtained when one hour heat treatment at $550^{\circ}C$ and it was confirmed by XPS analysis. After resulting the CV tests, the active area of the electrode was the largest at $550^{\circ}C$ heat treatment. The heat treatment experiment of vanadium redox flow battery using the carbon felts were tested at $400^{\circ}C$, $500^{\circ}C$ and $550^{\circ}C$. As a result, the charge-discharge energy efficiency of the heat treatment electrode was 72.9% and 79.8%, at $400^{\circ}C$ and $500^{\circ}C$, respectively. The efficiency of the heat treatment electrode at $550^{\circ}C$ was the best as 79.8% at $550^{\circ}C$.

• Agribusiness and Information Management
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.13-23
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• 2012

Understanding climate change is not only complex but also extensive. Humanity has never embarked on such a huge challenge of trans-national scope: a problem that began in the past continues now and will be continuing for a long time in the future. Nepalese have also significantly felt the impact of global climate change. The scenarios of climate change indicate that the increased temperatures will cause snow-melt which will result in floods, droughts, and uneven weather patterns. The impact of such unexpected climate hazards and weather patterns have already been felt and will continue to be felt in Nepal. These climate change-induced hazards and risks particularly threaten the agriculture sector, which results in food insecurity and makes poor and vulnerable people face increasingly unanticipated impacts to their lives and wellbeing. This paper explores the climate vulnerability of the Nepalese in terms of their physical, social, economic and primarily agricultural losses due to the increasing impact of climate change. The paper argues the need for a timely adaptation of measures to maintain an environment suitable for agriculture and for the well-being of the population residing in the area.

• Journal of the Korean Geophysical Society
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.89-97
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• 2004

Earthquake records written in the history documents such as “SeungJeongWon IlKi” and “Chosun Wangjo Shilok” for the earthquakes occurred around the offshore near Yangyang and Samcheok area in June, 1681, have been analyzed to estimate the intensity distribution and epicenters as well as magnitudes. Three consecutive earthquakes were analysed, which occurred near those area on June 12, 17, and 26, 1681. The Main-shock occurred on June 12, 1681 was felt in almost every provinces of Korea while after-shocks occurred on June 17 and 26, 1681, were felt in several provinces restrictively. Although the main-shock was felt in the entire provinces, the real damage had been concentrated in Kangwon province. A block of rock collapsed to fall due to main-shock in the mountain near Samcheok. No other man casualties were reported except a death due to being thrown off a horse by ground shaking in Seoul. Local micro-tsunami seems to be generated at the offshore of Samcheok due to the main-shock. The main-shock seems to be occurred in the offshore between Yangyang and Samcheok (38.0oN and 129.0oE) , the epicenter intensity and magnitude of which is over 8 in MMI and 6½ in Ms, respectively.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.113-124
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• 2002

This study has been performed to explore conveniences and inconveniences of daily lives in rural residential care facilities among the elderly residents. In this study, five males and seven females aged 68 to 78 were asked about socio-familial and physical aspects of their daily lives in the facilities such as meals, social activities, family visits, recreation, and health care. The answers of the qualitative interview were drawn as follow; first, the residents perceived well planned regular meals and snacks, free visits of friends, regularly supervised daily sanitary activities, periodic outdoor activities, education programs provided by religious experts, and pastoral farming lives as most convenient aspects of the retirement facilities. In addition, some felt that facility life made them free of familial conflicts, while others appealed fear of being forgotten because of distant location. On the other hand, they perceived the supervised group activities and meals as major inconveniences. They also felt persistently depressed when closely observing serious illness or deaths of their co-residents. Therefore in this study, suggestions were made as follows: first, combination of normal family life and retirement facility should be developed in the mixed form of community welfare center and shared home. Second, intensive medical care facilities should be in collaboration with the retirement facilities, so that the residents are relieved from stressful contacts with extremely ill patients in the residential area.