• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.329-338
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to develop the couple breast-feeding education program and to investigate the effects of program on breast-feeding self-efficacy, spouse support and breast-feeding satisfaction of primipara. The 3 session(20-40 min/one day) the breastfeeding spouses education program was developed and a non-equivalent control group quasi-experiment design was used. Sixty-three participants were assigned to either the experimental group (n=32) or the control group (n=31). A pre-test and post-test were done to identify the effect of the program. Effects were tested using $x^2$-test, t-test. Scores for breast-feeding self-efficacy(t=3.44, p=.001), spouse support(t=3.03, p=.004) and breast-feeding satisfaction(t=3.64, p=.001) of the experimental group after program were significantly higher than the control group scores. The effects of the couple breast-feeding education program for elevating breast-feeding self-efficacy, spouse support and breast-feeding satisfaction of primipara were validated. Therefore, this program can be recommended for vigorous use in clinical practice.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.997-1005
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• 1996

For understanding the role of infectious bursal disease virus(IBDV) to the pathogenesis of necrotic enteritis due to Clostridium perfringens(CP), all 15 day-old chickens used were divided as the following groups; A and E group with the feeding of feed contaminated with CP, B group with oral adminstration of IBDV($50{\mu}l/head$, $10^{3.4}EID_{50}$ of $P_4$ strain) and simultaneously feeding of feed contaminated with CP, C group treated with IBDV alone, F group with the feeding of feed contaminated with CP at 3 weeks after oral inoculation of IBDV, D and G group with the feeding of normal feed as controls. In mortality, B group(30%) was not a difference compared to A group(20%)(p>0.05), but in the pathological lesions the former was more severe degree than the latter. The mortality of F group(70%) was a significant difference to those of A, B or E group (20%)(p<0.01). Also, showed much F group more marked lesions than A, B or E group. In the chickens occurred the death during the study, mean concentration of CP was reached at $10^8{\sim}10^9CFU/g$ in the intestinal contents. B group showed higher mortality and more severe pathological changes than A and E group. Consequently, the results in the study were confirmed that the IBDV could be a role as a enhancing factor in pathogenesis of necrotic enteritis due to CP under the field condition.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.105-112
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference in the incidence of diarrhea among the subjects given hypertonic and isotonic nutrients to the nasogastric tube feeding patients in the a critical care setting. Methods: This study is aquasi-experimental study with a pre & post-test design. The sample size of 40 was calculated based on Cohen's formula (1988). The total of 40 subjects who signed the informed consent were randomly selected and divided evenly into two groups, experimental and control group. Results: There are no significant differences between the two groups in homogeneity test (sex, age, albumin level, the use of antibiotics, antacid, and $H_2$ blocker). However, the frequencies of occurrence in diarrhea according to the density of nutrients formulation indicated a statistical difference at the level of .005 (p=.001): diarrhea occurred in four of 20 (20%) of the experiment group, but 14 (70%) of the control group. Also the onset date of diarrhea in the experiment group is later than that of the control group. Conclusion: The research findings suggest that we should begin with low density nutrients for nasogastric tube feeding, and increase its density gradually to decrease diarrhea incidence in the critical care setting.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.7-13
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• 1975

In the classic point of view, it has well known that the tangle is the mineral source, especially iodide. However, there are few reports that the tangle can be used the high-protein source. With the consideration whether the tangle can be used as a protein source as well as one of the foodstuff or not, this studies is done by animal experiment. The Albino rats to be examined were fed on the basal diet (Table 1) and the others including the polished tangle by weight 2%, 3%, 4% and 5%, as experimental diets, for 4 weeks, respectively. The weight gain(Fig. 1), total amount of diet intake (Fig. 2), total water intake(Fig. 3), feed efficiency ratio (Fig. 4) and protein efficiency ratio (Fig. 5) was measured by each week, respectively. In addition, organ weight (Fig. 6) and blood study (Fig. 7, Fig. 8) was also analyzed at the end of the experiment. As the results of this study, growth rate, that is, weight gain, feed efficiency ratio and protein efficiency ratio in all experimental groups increased more than those of the control group. Moreover, it was also found that weight gain, feed efficiency ratio, protein efficiency ratio by feeding on the 2 percent tangle group was higher than the corresponding values of all experimental groups. However, feed intake and total water gain were the most by feeding on the 5% tangle group. This result may be interpreted to show that the total content of sodium includes more than enough in the feed intakes. To obtain further information concerning the effect of the tangle-dietary conditions on the growth rate of Albino rats, it was measured the organ weight. In the adrenal and spleen, the total weight by feeding on the all experimental groups were decreased more than that in the case of the control group. In the other hand, in the liver the weight by feeding on the high concentration groups (4%, 5% tangle diets) were not higher than the control group, while in the case of the low concentration groups (2%, 3% tangle diets) were higher than that of the control group. When it was observed the blood components, total protein, hemoglobin, sodium, potassium, white blood cell and red blood cell of rats, the content of white blood cell by feeding on all experimental groups were lower than that by feeding on the control group, but it was also clear that in the other components except white blood cell in blood the contents by feeding on all experimental groups were similar to that in the case of the control groups. However, in the 5% tangle group, the content of sodium was the lowest of all experimental groups, where as the content of potassium was the highest of all experimental groups.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.110-117
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• 1996

To evaluate the feeding effect of oriental medicine on the functional properties of pork, male pigs(Sus scrofa var. domesticus L.) were fed commercial basic diets containing 1.0%, 3.0% and 7.0% of oriental medicine complex from 30 or 45 days before slaughter. The growth pattern and physical conditions of pigs during the feeding period were checked, and after slaughter, the taste of pork and biological characteristics of serum were analyzed. Body weight gain was significantly increased in case of 45 day feeding groups of 3.0 and 7.0% compared with control group (p<0.05), whereas food intakes were slightly decreased in these groups. Triglyceride and total cholesterol levels were effectively decreased in the same feeding groups compared with control group (p<0.01~0.001). Three percent feeding group not only effectively decreased the LDL-cholesterol levels, but also sig-nificantly decreased the atherogenic index in 30 days(p<0.001). Malondialdehyde levels and hy-droxyl radical formations were effectively inhibited in all oriental medicine feeding groups. Superoxide dismutase activities were effectively increased only in 3.0% feeding groups, HDL-cholesterol levels almost did not change in 3.0% and 7.0% feeding groups in 30 days. External and sensory evaluations make satisfactory results in all oriectal medicines feeding groups. According to the experimental results, the growth pattern and physical nomditions of the pigs fed oriental medicine without feeding any antibiotics were relatively superior to those of control group. The authors suggest that, if more than 3.0% of oriental medicine were fed to the pigs from more then 30 days before slaughter the pork is reatively better than those of general pork not only for the modulating the chronic degenerative diseases, but also for its qualities and tastes.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.189-195
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• 2018

Purpose: We investigated fecal calprotectin (FC) levels in preterm infants with and without feeding intolerance (FI), and compared the FC levels according to the type of feeding. Methods: The medical records of 67 premature infants were reviewed retrospectively. The fully enteral-fed infants were classified into two groups; the FI group (29 infants) and the control group (31 infants). Seven infants with necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis, and perinatal asphyxia were excluded. If breast milk (BM) or preterm formula (PF) could not be tolerated by infants with FI, amino acid-based formula (AAF) was tried temporarily. Once FI improved, AAF was discontinued, and BM or PF was resumed. We investigated the FC levels according to the type of feeding. Results: Significant differences were found in gestational age, birth weight, age when full enteral feeding was achieved, and hospital stay between the FI and control group (p<0.05). The FC levels in the FI group were significantly higher than those in the control group (p<0.05). The FC levels in the AAF-fed infants with FI were significantly lower than those in the BM- or PF-fed infants (p<0.05). The growth velocities (g/d) and z scores were not significantly different between the FI and control group (p>0.05). Conclusion: The FC levels in AAF-fed infants with FI showed significantly lower than those in the BM- or PF-fed infants with FI. The mitigation of gut inflammation through the decrease of FC levels in AAF-fed infants with FI could be presumed.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.256-270
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to compare maternal attitude and self confidence for infant care of primiparas of rooming-in and not rooming-in. The subjects were 128 primiparas who had delivered at eight general hospital in Seoul. 67 primiparas were in three rooming-in facilities and 61 primiparas were in five not rooming-in facilities. The data were collected from primiparas using Cohler's Maternal Attitude Scale and Pharis' Self Confidence Scale at postpartal 1 or 2 weeks. The results of this study were as follows : 1. The mean of maternal attitude was 100.32 and the range was from 82 to 138. The score of primiparas in rooming-in(100.94) was higher than those of not rooming-in(97.43). There was a significant difference in maternal attitudes between rooming-in group and not rooming-in group(P=.001). There were no significant differences in maternal attitude according to age and infant sex. But types of feeding were related to maternal attitude (P=.017). 2. The mean of self confidence for infant care was 119.55 and the range was from 58 to 173. The mean of primiparas in rooming- in(123.10) was higher than those of not rooming-in (115.86). There was a significant difference in self confidence for infant care between rooming-in group and not rooming- in group (P=.040). No significant differences existed in self confidence for infant care according to age, infant sex, and types of feeding. 3. The rate of breast feeding was 64.2% in rooming-in group and 34.4% in not rooming-in group at postpartal 1 or 2 weeks. There was a significant difference in breast feeding between the two groups(P=.004). In conclusion, rooming-in facilities provided primiparas with more positive maternal attitude and greater self confidence for infant care and increased the rate of breast feeding.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.116-123
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between knowledge of breast feeding and practice of feeding pattern. A sample of 117 mothers who have the babies between age from 1 month to 12 months were selected from one university hospital and one public heath care center in J city. The data were collected with the questionnaire during the period from the January. 5, 2002 through January. 30, 2002. Analysis was done by using frequency, percentage, t-test, analysis of variance, and scheffe test. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. Comparision of the method of feeding by general characters. Income state, rearing (p=.019), rearing supporters(p=.026), infant age(p=.03) have shown significant difference as the variables affecting Breast practice rate. Breastfeeding rate were 24.8%, mixedfeeding type, 14.5%, milkfeeding type, 60.7%. The mean of knowledge on breastfeeding by feeding patterns were the highest in the group of breastfeeding. There was statistical significance between the group of breast feeding and milkfeeding(p=.000). In the conclusion, this study revealed that knowledge of breastfeeding promoted practice of breastfeeding. Therefore, to promote practice of breastfeeding, it is necessary that nurses provide adequate information about knowledge of breastfeeding.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.299-304
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• 2009

The effects of different feeding regimes on the compensatory growth of olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus were investigated. Seven treatments with triplicates of different feeding regimes were conducted, as follows: (1) fed twice a day 6 days a week for 8 weeks; (2) starved for 1 week, then fed twice a day 6 days a week for 3 weeks; (3) starved for 2 weeks, then fed twice a day 6 days a week for 6 weeks; (4) starved for 5 days, then fed twice a day for 9 days; (5) starved for 10 days, then fed twice a day for 18 days; (6) starved for 2 days, then fed twice a day for 5 days, starved for another 3 days, and fed twice a day 4 days; and (7) starved for 4 days, then fed twice a day for 10 days, starved for another 6 days, and fed twice a day for 8 days. Forty fish averaging 12.5 g, were hand-fed to satiation according to the designated feeding schedule. Fish from the control group gained more weight than those from any other group. Feeding efficiency did not vary among treatments. In summary, olive flounder subjected to fasting with different feeding regimes did not fully compensate growth compared to fish fed for 8 weeks without fasting. In addition, the less that fasted groups were subsequently fed, the lower their compensatory growth.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.325-336
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• 2011

Feeding ecology was compared among the three tonguefishes Cynoglossus abbreviatus, C. joyneri and C. robustus, collected from Seto Inland Sea, Japan, from June 2000 to May 2001. They are benthivores, consuming mainly gammarid amphipods, shrimps, crabs, gastropods, bivalves and ophiuroids. C. abbreviatus consumed greater proportions of ophiuroids whereas C. joyneri and C. robustus ate more amphipods and shrimps. While C. abbreviatus consumed mostly ophiuroids in all size classes, the diets of C. joyneri and C. robustus showed ontogenetic changes in feeding habits; smaller individuals of C. joyneri and C. robustus consumed gammarid amphipods, whereas larger C. joyneri ate shrimps and gastropods, and larger C. robustus fed mainly on gastropods, crabs, bivalves and polychaetes. Cluster analysis based on diet similarities emphasized that the three Cynoglossus species could be categorized on a size-related basis into three feeding groups: smaller C. joyneri and C. rubustus (<25 cm TL) could be classified as group A, and the larger of them (>25 cm TL) as group B, whereas C. abbreviatus was categorized as group C. This means that some degree of resource partitioning can occur among the three Cynoglossus species. The seasonal changes in the diets were also significant for the three Cynoglossus species.