• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권9호
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• pp.1310-1319
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• 2005

This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of cage density (CD) and humate supplementation (HS) on laying performance, metabolic profile, and egg quality during the peak production period in hens. Lohman layers (n = 180, 46 wks of age) were blocked according to the location of cages and then allocated randomly to two levels of CD (4 or 6 hens per cage or 540 vs. 360 $cm^2$/hen) and three levels of HS (0, 0.15, and 0.30%). Egg production (EP) and feed consumption (FC) were measured daily; egg weight was measured bi-weekly; and BW was measured before and after the experiment. Blood and additional egg samples were obtained at the end of the experiment for determination of metabolic profile and egg quality. The data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA as repeated measures. Except for FC, CD did not affect laying performance parameters. Hens placed in high-density cages had lower FC than hens placed in normal-density cages. Increasing HS level linearly increased FC, EP, and feed conversion ratio (FCR). There was a CD by HS interaction effect on FC and EP. Hens placed in high-density cages had greater serum glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, Ca, and P concentrations and tended to have greater serum corticosterone concentration than hens placed in normaldensity cages. Increasing HS level linearly increased serum glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, creatine, and Ca concentrations and linearly decreased serum triglyceride and very low-density lipoprotein concentrations. There was a CD by HS interaction effect on serum glucose and albumin concentrations. There were no alterations in egg quality parameters in response to increasing CD. Albumen index and Haugh unit decreased linearly and other egg quality parameters did not change as HS level increased. In conclusion, increased caging density adversely affected metabolic profile, despite insignificantly deteriorating laying performance. Moreover, benefits from humate supplementation seem to be more noteworthy for hens housed in stressing conditions than for hens housed in standard conditions.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.6.1-6.8
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• 2017

The objective of this research was to study the effect of astaxanthin (AST) on growth performance and antioxidant capacity in golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) both in vivo and in vitro. In the in vivo study, two diets were formulated with or without astaxanthin supplementation (D1 and D2; 0 and 200 mg/kg) to feed fish for 6 weeks. In the in vitro study, cells from hepatopancreas of golden pompano were isolated and four treatments with or without astaxanthin and $H_2O_2$ supplementation were applied (control group: without both astaxanthin and $H_2O_2$ treated; $H_2O_2$ group: just with $H_2O_2$ treated; $H_2O_2$ + AST group: with both astaxanthin and $H_2O_2$treated; AST group: just with AST treated). Results of the in vivo study showed that weight gain (WG) and special growth rate (SGR) significantly increased with astaxanthin supplemented (P < 0.05). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) of fish fed D2 diet was significantly lower than that of fish fed D1 diet (P < 0.05). Hepatic total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and the reduced glutathione (GSH) of golden pompano fed D2 diet were significant higher than those of fish fed D1 diet (P < 0.05). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) was significantly declined as astaxanthin was supplemented (P < 0.05). Results of the in vitro study showed that the cell viability of $H_2O_2$ group was 52.37% compared to the control group, and it was significantly elevated to 84.18% by astaxanthin supplementation ($H_2O_2$ + AST group) (P < 0.05). The total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and the reduced glutathione (GSH) of cell were significant decreased by oxidative stress from $H_2O_2$ (P < 0.05), but it could be raised by astaxanthin supplementation ($H_2O_2$ vs $H_2O_2$ + AST), and the malondialdehyde (MDA) was significant higher in $H_2O_2$ group (P < 0.05) and astaxanthin supplementation could alleviate the cells from lipid peroxidation injury. In conclusion, dietary astaxanthin supplementation can improve the growth performance of golden pompano. Moreover, astaxanthin can improve the golden pompano hepatic antioxidant capacity both in vivo and in vitro study by eliminating the reactive oxygen species.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권9호
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• pp.1263-1271
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• 2000

A total of 80 piglets ($5.85{\pm}0.62kg$ BW; 21 d of age) were used to study the effect of carnitine addition to extruded full-fat soybean (EFS) diets on the growth of weaned pigs. Pigs were allotted into five treatments based on body weight, in a completely randomized block design. Each treatment has 4 replicates of 4 heads each. Treatments were 1) SBM (positive control), 2) EFS without carnitine (negative control), 3) EFS with 50 ppm carnitine, 4) EFS with 100 ppm carnitine and 5) EFS with 150 ppm carnitine. During d 0 to 14, piglets were fed diets containing 3,400 kcal ME, 23% crude protein, 1.65% lysine, 0.9% Ca and 0.8% P and for the period of d 15 to 28, piglets were fed diets supplying 3,300 kcal ME, 20% crude protein, 1.55% lysine, 0.9% Ca and 0.8% P. The urease activity of EFS (0.18) were three times higher than SBM (0.07). During d 0-14, pigs fed SBM had greater ADG and ADFI compared to pigs fed extruded full-fat soybean diets (p<0.05). Feed conversion ratio was not different among treatments. No linear or quadratic effect of carnitine addition was found in growth performance. During d 15-28, piglets fed SBM diet also showed better ADG and FCR with no significant differences among treatments. Feed intake tended to increase as carnitine addition level was increased (p=0.10). For overall period (d o to 28), the best performance was observed in pigs fed SBM diet. CP digestibility was higher in pigs fed SBM diet than piglets fed EFS diet at d 14, and DM and CP digestibility tended to be higher in pigs fed SBM diet at d 28. Blood metabolites (BUN, glucose and cholesterol)were not affected by treatments. In conclusion, based on the results of this study piglets at 21 d of age appeared to be not ready for extruded full-fat soybean (FFSB) in their diets. Piglets fed extruded FFSB showed decreased growth rate compared to piglets fed SBM diet. Nutrient utilization was also poor in piglets fed extruded FFSB diets. L-carnitine addition at the level of 50 to 150 ppm was not effective in improving the growth performance of pigs fed EFS diets.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제62권2호
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• pp.159-173
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• 2020

A 4×2 factorial feeding trial was designed to investigate the effect of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with cottonseed meal (CSM) in wheat/sorghum/SBM-based diets fed with or without microbial enzymes in diets on the performance, visceral organ development and digestibility of nutrients of broiler chickens. Four graded levels of CSM - none (0%), low (4%, 8%, and 12%), medium (5%, 10%, and 15%), and high (6%, 12%, and 18%) of complete diets in starter, grower and finisher, respectively were fed with or without 100 mg/kg of xylanase and β-glucanase blend. Eight isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets were formulated using least-cost method to meet the nutrient specifications of Ross 308 male broilers. Each treatment was randomly assigned to 6 replicates (10 birds per replicate). There were CSM-enzyme interactions (p < 0.05) on feed intake (FI) and weight gain (WG) in the starter phase. Enzyme supplementation improved (p < 0.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the grower and finisher phases, and increased WG in growing and finishing birds. CSM inclusion reduced (p < 0.05) the weight of gizzard and proventriculus in starter chicks, while these organs were bigger (p < 0.05) in the grower phase. The test ingredient decreased (p < 0.05) small intestinal weight in starter and grower birds. The CSM increased the absolute weight of thighs (p < 0.05) while breast meat was increased (p < 0.01) by enzyme addition. Starch digestibility was improved (p < 0.01) by enzyme inclusion and decreased (p < 0.01) by CSM. Enzyme supplementation improved (p < 0.05) the ileal digestibility of gross energy and protein. The results demonstrate that CSM can substitute up to 90% SBM in broiler chicken diets without compromising performance, and the nutritive value of CSM-containing diets can effectively be improved by enzyme supplementation.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.347-354
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• 2010

본 시험은 토종닭의 교배 조합이 생산성과 도체율에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 수행되었다. 공시계는 4개 교배 조합으로 발생된 3원 교잡종 초생추를 이용하였다. 시험 설계는 재래계와 육용계의 교배 조합에 의해 부화된 4계통을 각각 A(CS$\times$H), B(CH$\times$S), C(RS$\times$H), D(LH$\times$B)로 하고 암수를 구분하였으며, 계통과 성별에 따라 각각 10수씩 9반복으로 총 90수를 완전 임의 배치하였다. 시험사료는 한국가금사양표준 (2007)에서 제시한 옥수수-대두박 위주의 준육용계 사료를 육계 초기(CP 20.0%, ME 3,050 kcal/kg), 전기(CP 18.0%, ME 3,100 kcal/kg) 및 후기 사료(CP 16.0%, ME 3,150 kcal/kg)로 나누고, 자체 제작하여 공시하였다. 체중과 섭취량은 매주 측정하였고, 도체율은 각각, 5주령과 10주령에 조사하였다. 체중의 경우, 5주령까지는 유의적인 차이가 없었으나, 5주령 이후부터는 D계통에서 체중이 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). 증체량과 사료 섭취량은 체중과 함께 D계통이 5주령 이후로 가장 높았으며(P<0.05), 전 기간 동안의 증체량과 사료 섭취량도 D계통이 다른 계통에 비해 높았고(P<0.05), 사료 요구율도 D계통에서 가장 낮았다. 체중, 증체량, 사료 섭취량 및 사료 요구율은 D계통을 제외한 다른 계통 사이에서 차이가 없었다(P>0.05). 생체중, 도체중 및 도체율은 5주령에는 계통간 차이가 없었으나, 10주령에는 D계통이 가장 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). 이런 결과들은 한국토종닭 교잡종의 생산성적에 대한 기초적인 자료로서 이용될 것이라 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권12호
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• pp.1732-1741
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• 2013

Two experiments were conducted to determine physical and chemical properties of vermicelli waste (VW) and effect of VW inclusion levels on growth performance of broilers. In experiment 1, VW samples were randomly collected from vermicelli industry in Thailand to analyze nutritional composition. Vermicelli waste contained 9.96% moisture, 12.06% CP, 32.30% crude fiber (CF), and 0.57% ether extract (EE), as DM basis. The ratio of insoluble:soluble non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) was 43.4:8.9. A total of 120 chicks (6 pens per treatment and 10 chicks per pen) were fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet or 20% VW substituted diet to determine the apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen retention ($AME_n$) of VW. The $AME_n$ of VW was $1,844.7{\pm}130.71$ kcal/kg. In experiment 2, a total of 1,200 chicks were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments for 42-d growth assay. There were 300 chicks with 6 pens per treatment and 50 chicks per pen. The dietary treatments contained 0%, 5%, 10%, or 15% VW, respectively. All diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous. From 0 to 18 d of age chicks fed VW diets had higher (p<0.001) feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared with those fed the control diet. No difference was observed during grower and finisher phase (19 to 42 d). Chicks fed VW diets had lower relative weight of abdominal fat (p<0.001) but higher relative weight of gizzard (p<0.05) than those of chicks fed the control diet. Increasing VW inclusion levels increased ileal digesta viscosity (p<0.05) and intestinal villus height of chicks (p<0.001). For apparent total tract digestibility assay, there were 4 metabolic cages of 6 chicks that were fed experimental treatment diets (the same as in the growth assay) in a 10-d total excreta collection. Increasing VW inclusion levels linearly decreased (p<0.05) apparent total tract digestibility of DM and CF.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.279-286
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• 2009

본 연구는 희토 성분인 Ce(cerium)과 La(lanthanium)의 단독 또는 혼합 급여가 실용 육계의 생산성, 영양소 소화율, 골격성분, 그리고 도체 성상과 육색에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 1일령 Hubbard종 암평아리(체중 45 g) 1,600수를 공시하여 4처리 4반복으로 반복당 100수씩 완전 임의 배치하였다. 4개 처리구는 T1, 무첨가 대조구; T2, Ce 100 ppm 첨가구; T3, La 100 ppm 첨가구; T4, Ce 100 ppm과 La 100 ppm 혼합 첨가구로 하였으며, 전기(0~3주)와 후기(4~5주)로 나누어 5주간의 사양 시험을 실시하였다. 전기의 증체량은 T4에서 다른 처리구에 비하여 다소 높았으며, 대조구에 비해서는 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 전체 기간에서도 T4의 증체량이 가장 높았지만 통계적 유의성은 인정되지 않았다(p>0.05). 사료 섭취량은 각 단계 및 전체기간에서 처리구간 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았다(p>0.05). 사료 요구율은 전기에서 T4가 T3에 비하여 개선되었으며(p<0.05), 후기에는 각 처리간에 차이가 없었지만(p>0.05) 전체기간으로 볼 때 T4가 대조구에 비하여 유의적으로 개선되었다(p<0.05.). 소화율에서 건물 소화율은 T3에서 가장 높았으며(p<0.05) T2와 T4도 대조구에 비하여 개선되었다(p<0.05). 조단백질 소화율은 T3가 가장 높았으며(p<0.05), T2에서도 대조구에 비해 개선되었다(p<0.05). 조회분, 에너지, 칼슘과 인의 소화율도 T3에서 가장 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 뼈의 성분 분석에서 칼슘의 함량은 Ce과 La을 급여한 처리구가 대조구에 비해 높게 나타났지만 처리구간 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았으며(p>0.05), 도체 성상 조사와 육색의 측정에서도 처리구간 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았다(p>0.05). 본 연구의 결과, 육계 사료내 La의 첨가는 영양소 소화율을 뚜렷하게 개선하였다. 또한 육계 사료내 Ce과 La의 첨가는 육계의 소화율을 개선시켰으며, 육성 초기의 증체량과 사료 요구율 개선에 효과가 있는 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.91-98
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• 2001

소나무 수피로부터 alkaline sulfite-anthraquinone cooking을 통하여 생산된 Pine Bark Spent Liquor(PBSL)의 펠렛 내구성(ellet durability index(PDI)과 사료결착재로서 가능성을 구명하기 위하여 육계와 산란계 사료에 첨가·급여하였다. 실험1에서는 실용계 사료인 대조구, 소맥 10%와 (W10), 20% 첨가구(W20), PBSL 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 2.00, 3.00% 첨가구, 두 종류 시판용 사료결착제 0.1, 0.2%(CPB A와 CPB B), W10+0.1% CPB A or B로 14개 처리구를 4반복으로 하여 펠렛 내구성 조사를 시행하였다. PDI는 PDI tester(Oriental motors, Japan)로 측정하였다. 실험2에서는 1일령 육계수컷 200수를 무첨가구인 대조구외에 실험 1에서 최적으로 판단되는 처리구인 W10, PBSL 0.5%, 0.2% CPB A and B의 5개 처리구를 4반복으로 배치하여 시행하였다. 기초사료는 사육전기에 3,169와 3,149kca./kg ME와 21% CP를 급여하였고, 사육후기에는 3,192와 3,172 kcal/kg ME와 19% CP사료를 급여하였다. 증체량, 사료섭취량, 사료요구율은 주간별로 5주간 측정하였으며 실험 종료시에 장내 혐기적인 미생물 수를 조사하였다. 실험 3에서 24주령 로만 갈색계 450수를 이용하여 처리구는 실험 2와 동일하게 8주간 시행하였다. 처리구당 반복은 18수씩 5반복으로 90수 전체 450수를 이용하였다. 사료는 대상에너지 2,720 kcal/kg와 CP는 18.5%로 하였다. 처리구당 산란율, 난중, 사료섭취량, 사료요구율, 계란의 품질을 주간 별로 조사하였으며, 실험종료시에 혈액의 성상을 조사하였다. 실험 1에서 PBSL 0.5%, W10 0.5%, CPB A, B 0.2% 처리구의 PDI는 95.9, 95.9, 95.8. and 95.7로서 대조구에 비하여 현저하게 높았다.(P<0.05). 그러므로 이러한 결과는 실험2와 3에 적용하였다. 실험 2에서 PBSL 처리구의 증체량은 대조두와 통계적인 차이는 없었지만 W10과 CPB A와는 현저하게 차이가 있었다. (P<0.05). 사료요구율은 PBSL이나 다른 사료결착제 처리구에서 대조구에 비하여 개선되는 경향을 보였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권12호
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• pp.1734-1740
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• 2001

Feeding trials using weanling pigs and broiler chicks were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different metal-amino acid chelates and complexes at various levels of copper and zinc on the performance and fecal excretions. A total of 200 weanling pigs (Large White ${\times}$ Yorkshire ${\times}$ Duroc, $11.20{\pm}0.81kg$) were randomly assigned to 5 dietary treatments following a randomized complete block design. Each treatment was replicated 4 times with 10 pigs per pen. The dietary treatments were designated as : A-diet containing 170 ppm Cu from $CuSO_4$ and 120 ppm Zn from $ZnSO_4$, B-diet containing 85 ppm Cu from Cu-amino acid chelate (CAC) and 60 ppm Zn from Zn-amino acid chelate (ZAC), C-diet containing 170 ppm Cu from CAC and 120 ppm Zn from ZAC, D-diet containing 85 ppm Cu from Cu-lysine complex (CL) and 60 ppm Zn from Zn-methionine complex (ZM), and E-diet containing 170 ppm Cu from CL and 120 ppm Zn from ZM. On the other trial, 144 of one day old broiler chicks were randomly distributed to 6 dietary treatments following a completely randomized design. Each treatment was replicated 3 times with 8 chicks per replicate. The dietary treatments were as follows: 1-diet with 60 ppm Cu from $CuSO_4$ and 40 ppm Zn from $ZnSO_4$, 2-diet with 120 ppm Cu from $CuSO_4$ and 80 ppm Zn from $ZnSO_4$, 3-diet with 60 ppm Cu from CAC and 40 ppm Zn from ZAC, 4-diet with 120 ppm Cu from CAC and 80 ppm Zn from ZAC, 5-diet with 60 ppm Cu from CL and 40 ppm Zn from ZM, and 6-diet with 120 ppm Cu from CL and 80 ppm Zn from ZM. In Exp. 1 with pigs, there was no difference on average daily gain and average daily feed intake observed among treatments. There was improvement (p<0.05) on the overall feed conversion ratio (FCR) of pigs fed diet containing 120 ppm Zn and 170 ppm Cu from metal-amino acid chelates relative to those fed diet containing inorganic sources of Cu and Zn but equally efficient as those fed diet containing metal-amino acid complexes. Pigs fed diet containing either metal-amino acid chelates or complexes as sources of Cu and Zn had higher (p<0.05) Cu and Zn concentration in serum and lower (p<0.05) in feces than those receiving diet with inorganic sources. In Exp. 2 with broiler chicks, the overall FCR was not different among treatments. Higher (p<0.05) Cu and Zn concentration in serum was obtained from birds fed diet with 60 ppm Cu and 40 ppm Zn from metal-amino acid chelates compared to those fed diet with inorganic sources of Cu and Zn. Also, the feces collected from birds fed diet with either metal-amino acid chelates or complexes contained generally lower Cu and Zn than those birds fed diet with inorganic sources. The higher the dietary level of Cu and Zn the higher the Cu and Zn concentration in the feces. Based on the results, both metal-amino acid chelates and complexes of Cu and Zn at low levels (Zn 60 ppm, Cu 85 ppm for weanling pigs and Zn 40 ppm, Cu 60 ppm for broiler chicks) are not different from that of high levels of inorganic sources in maintaining growth performance and serum concentration. The fecal excretions for Cu and Zn were greatly reduced when organic sources were used.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.205-211
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• 2002

본 연구는 산란계에 대한 생효모 첨가효과를 구명하기 위하여 실시되었다. 21주령 ISA Brown 160수를 공시하여 9주 동안 사양하면서 산란생산성, 영양소 소화율, 회장 및 맹장내 미생물, 계란 품질 및 계분내 암모니아 가스발생 양상을 조사하였다. 첨가된 생효모는 Pichia farinosa SKM-1였으며, g당 $10^{6}$ cfu를 함유한 건조 생효모를 사료에 4수준 (0, 0.1, 0.3 및 0.5%)으로 첨가하였다. 각 처리는 반복당 10수씩 4반복으로 하였다. 산란율은 생효모 0.1 및 0.3%첨가구가 무첨가구에 비하여 유의적으로 증가하였으며(P<0.05), 평균난중은 처리간 차이를 보이지 않았다. 1일 산란량은 0.3% 첨가구가 다른 처리에 비하여 가장 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). 사료섭취량은 생효모 첨가구가 무첨가구에 비하여 약간 적었으나 유의성은 없었다. 난생산 사료효율은 0.3% 생효모 첨가구가 다른 처리구들에 비하여 유의하게 개선되었다(P<0.05). 건물, 조단백질, 조지방 및 조회분 소화율은 생효모 첨가에 의해 영향을 받지 않았다. 계란 품질은 25주령에는 0.3% 첨가구에서 산란율이 높았던 관계로 난각질이 유의하게 떨어졌으나, 29주령에서는 다시 개선되는 결과를 보였다. 회장 내 유산균은 생효모 첨가에 의해 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며, 효모와 혐기성 미생물은 차이가 없었다. 맹장내 미생물은 처리간에 비슷하게 나타났다. 계분내 암모니아 가스 발생량은 배분 후 3일차부터 6일차까지 최대로 발생하였는데, 이 시기에 생효모 첨가구가 무첨가에 비하여 발생량이 유의하게 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과에서 산란계에 대한 효모Pichia의 첨가는 산란 생산성을 향상시키고, 암모니아 가스 발생량을 감소시킬 수 있었으며 경제성을 고려한 적정첨가수준은 0.1%수준으로 나타났다.